1、Management Information SystemManagement Information System 管理信息系统管理信息系统Lecturer:Lecturer:QQ:QQ: 799749353 799749353 E-mail:E-mail: Purpose of this unitPurpose of this unitIdentify and evaluate the role of Identify and evaluate the role of business information in decision-business information in deci
2、sion-making.making. 译译: :商业信息在企业决策中的作用商业信息在企业决策中的作用. .Describe and evaluate data Describe and evaluate data communications systems and new ICT communications systems and new ICT innovations.innovations. 译译: :了解各种数据通讯系统了解各种数据通讯系统, ,以及现代以及现代社会中的新兴信息通讯技术社会中的新兴信息通讯技术. .Purpose of this unit Purpose of th
3、is unit (cont)(cont) Plan project development work.Plan project development work. 译译: : 明确项目明确项目, , 准备项目准备项目, , 设计项设计项目目. .Schedule project development work Schedule project development work using project management software, using project management software, to meet client needs.to meet client nee
4、ds. 译译: : 利用流行的项目管理软件管理利用流行的项目管理软件管理项目项目, , 满足用户需求满足用户需求. .Others about the UnitOthers about the Unit1.1. Unit Time: Unit Time: 60 hours60 hours2.2. Unit Credit: Unit Credit: 4 credits4 credits3.3. Material Required for this Unit:Material Required for this Unit:About the Section About the Section 1
5、1 在第一章节中在第一章节中, , 需要重点掌握的知识点需要重点掌握的知识点: :1.1. Compare different types of Compare different types of information needed by managers at information needed by managers at strategic, tactical and strategic, tactical and operational level.operational level. 译译: : 不同管理层所需信息类型不同管理层所需信息类型Identify informatio
6、n requirements Identify information requirements at different levels of management.at different levels of management. 译译: : 不同管理层的信息需求不同管理层的信息需求Evaluate information systems Evaluate information systems within organizations.within organizations. 译译: : 组织结构中的信息系统组织结构中的信息系统Identify and evaluate the imp
7、act Identify and evaluate the impact of legislation on the management of legislation on the management of information.of information. 译译: : 信息管理的相关法规对组织的信息管理的相关法规对组织的影响影响About the Section About the Section 1 1 (cont) (cont)What is a Data?What is a Data? Answer: Answer: Data represents basic Data rep
8、resents basic facts and figures that do not mean facts and figures that do not mean very much on their own.very much on their own.译译: : 数据是一种信息的符号表示，或称载数据是一种信息的符号表示，或称载体，只是一种原始材料，其价值只是在于体，只是一种原始材料，其价值只是在于记录了客观数据的事实。记录了客观数据的事实。Data can be obtainedData can be obtained获取数据的方法有获取数据的方法有: :ObservationObse
9、rvation 观察观察 如如, , 气象数据气象数据, , 地质水文地质水文数据数据Measuring Measuring 测量测量 如如, , 建筑数据建筑数据, , 物理电流物理电流电压电压CountingCounting 计算计算 如如, , 学生成绩学生成绩, , 销售数据销售数据What is the Information?What is the Information? Answer: Answer: Information is data Information is data that has been worked on or that has been worked o
10、n or processed in some way to provide processed in some way to provide useful resource to allow informed useful resource to allow informed decisions to be made. decisions to be made. 译译: : 信息是数据的内涵，是数据的语义信息是数据的内涵，是数据的语义解释。信息来源于数据，是对数据进行解释。信息来源于数据，是对数据进行加工处理后的产物加工处理后的产物, , 能够为用户和决策能够为用户和决策提供有用的资源和帮助。
11、提供有用的资源和帮助。Information takes data and Information takes data and processes it by:processes it by:数据转换成信息的方式数据转换成信息的方式: :CalculatingCalculating 计算计算 如如, , 员工的工员工的工资资= =每小时工资每小时工资* *工作时工作时SummarizingSummarizing 归总归总 如如, , 总支出总支出, , 总费用总费用Sorting Sorting 组合排序组合排序Evaluating Evaluating 比较评估比较评估, ,趋势分析趋势分
12、析Classifying Classifying 分类筛选分类筛选The system Model The system Model 系统模型系统模型InputInputProcessProcessOutputOutputDecision-makingDecision-makingdatadataCalculate, evalute, sort, Calculate, evalute, sort, analyseanalyseinformationinformationSystem modelSystem model1.Collecting or gathering 1.Collecting
13、or gathering datadata2.Checking and verifying 2.Checking and verifying its contents for its contents for accuracy.accuracy.3.Organising3.Organising4.Analysing 4.Analysing 5.Storing5.Storing6.Distributing information 6.Distributing information to the various users.to the various users.收集数据处理数据使用数据Dif
14、ference between data and Difference between data and information information 名称名称数据数据信息信息本质本质符号符号, , 原材料原材料内涵内涵, , 对数据进行加对数据进行加工处理的产物工处理的产物价值价值记录了客观数据的记录了客观数据的事实事实人类认识世界和改造人类认识世界和改造世界活动的现实意义世界活动的现实意义信息是加工以后的数据，它是数据的含义，信息是加工以后的数据，它是数据的含义，数据是信息的一个表现形式。数据是信息的一个表现形式。Attribute of informationAttribute of
15、information信息发布的基本要求信息发布的基本要求: :1.1. Relevant Relevant 释释: : 信息需要发布给相关人员信息需要发布给相关人员, , 如如, , 财务数据统计分析报表财务数据统计分析报表CompleteComplete 释释: : 完整的信息才能起作用完整的信息才能起作用AccurateAccurate 释释: : 准确的信息才能帮助决策准确的信息才能帮助决策ClarityClarity 释释: : 清晰明确的信息清晰明确的信息, , 慎重使用专慎重使用专业性词汇业性词汇Attribute of information Attribute of info
16、rmation (cont)(cont)信息发布的基本要求信息发布的基本要求: :ConfidenceConfidence 释释: : 使用者要相信信息的可靠性使用者要相信信息的可靠性Communicating Communicating 释释: : 对于信息使用者对于信息使用者, , 信息的交流信息的交流和表现形式要合适和表现形式要合适TimelyTimely 释释: : 过时的信息没有任何使用价值过时的信息没有任何使用价值VolumeVolume 释释: : 简介明了的信息简介明了的信息, , 能够节约信能够节约信息使用者的时间息使用者的时间Channels of communicatio
17、nChannels of communication1.1. TelephoneTelephone2.2. Written reportsWritten reports3.3. Face-to-faceFace-to-face4.4. Newspapers, journals, magazinesNewspapers, journals, magazines5.5. Internet Internet (email, QQ, MSN, Workgroup, (email, QQ, MSN, Workgroup, Activity Directory, BBS and so onActivity
18、 Directory, BBS and so on) )6.6. Interactive sites Interactive sites 交互式站点交互式站点Waterfall approach to Waterfall approach to communicating informationcommunicating information Using Methods: Holding formal meetings 释释: : 瀑布流型的信息交流方式一般采用召瀑布流型的信息交流方式一般采用召开开 正式的会议来实现正式的会议来实现 Purpose of the approach：To en
19、sure that accurate, up-to-date information reaches the relevant people very quickly.To allows feedback to be communicated back quickly and reduces rumors circulating.Strategic ManagersTactical ManagersMeet with Tactical Managers to discuss plans that affect their functional areaMeet with Operational
20、 Managers pass on information on general matters or specific to their areasLower levels feedbackfeedbackWaterfall approach to Waterfall approach to communicating informationcommunicating information为收集到的数据负责为收集到的数据负责: :1.1. Checking and verifying data Checking and verifying data 检查效检查效验验2.2. Integri
21、ty and Organizing data Integrity and Organizing data 整理整理组织组织3.3. Analyzing data Analyzing data 分析数据分析数据 (who-what-when-why)(who-what-when-why)Responsible for gathering dataResponsible for gathering dataInformation flows within Information flows within organizationorganization1.1. Vertical informati
22、on flowsVertical information flows2.2. Horizontal information flowsHorizontal information flowsThe factors affect internal The factors affect internal information flowsinformation flows1.1. The structure of the organizationThe structure of the organization2.2. Overall policyOverall policy3.3. Proced
23、ures Procedures 公司业务流程公司业务流程4.4. Management style Management style 管理模式管理模式5.5. Physical location of other Physical location of other branches branches 分支机构的地域条件分支机构的地域条件customerretailerwholesalerSupplierInformation flows between Information flows between organizationsorganizationsFeedforward Inform
24、ationRoutine informationRoutine information Information to allow mangers Information to allow mangers to perform the everyday tasksto perform the everyday tasksNot-routine informationNot-routine information Information required less Information required less frequentlyfrequentlyWhat is a system?What
25、 is a system? Answer: Answer: A system is made up of A system is made up of 4 elements as follows:4 elements as follows:1.1. Individual parts that are connected Individual parts that are connected in some way to form the entire in some way to form the entire system. system. 个体构成个体构成2.2. Each part or
26、 component of the Each part or component of the system is linked together and system is linked together and interacts with each other.interacts with each other. 组成系统的个体相互作用联系组成系统的个体相互作用联系Every system will be made up of Every system will be made up of sub-systems. Sub-systems are the sub-systems. Sub
27、-systems are the smaller parts that go together to smaller parts that go together to make up the whole system make up the whole system 子系统构子系统构成系统成系统Changes made to one system will Changes made to one system will have a knock-on effect on other have a knock-on effect on other parts within the system
28、 or the parts within the system or the whole system. whole system. 系统之间相互作用系统之间相互作用What is a system? What is a system? (cont)(cont)中文定义全文中文定义全文: :InputInputProcessProcessOutputOutputFeedback loopFeedback loopMonitored and ensure that systems are effectiveMonitored and ensure that systems are effecti
29、veHow dose a system work?How dose a system work?系统工作流程图系统工作流程图What is a formal system?What is a formal system?一个正式的系统要具备一个正式的系统要具备: :1.1. These are very structured and have been These are very structured and have been designed to ensure objectives are designed to ensure objectives are achieved.achie
30、ved.2.2. The formal organization relates to The formal organization relates to communication channels laid down by communication channels laid down by official rules, policies and procedures.official rules, policies and procedures. 译译: : 利于实现目标的组织结构利于实现目标的组织结构+ +规范规范的制度体系的制度体系Whats a informal system
31、?Whats a informal system?一个非正式的系统要具备一个非正式的系统要具备:1.1. social gatherings social gatherings 2.2. unofficial unofficial 3.3. can involve members of the can involve members of the organization from across all areas organization from across all areas and from different levelsand from different levels 译译:
32、: 社会关系社会关系+ +非官方非官方+ +成员不固定成员不固定Whats a Whats a Management Information SystemManagement Information System? ? Answer: Answer: It is the combination of It is the combination of human and computer based resources.human and computer based resources.译译: : 管理信息系统是一个人机联合系统管理信息系统是一个人机联合系统. . 除了计算机的硬件、软件除了计
33、算机的硬件、软件, , 还包括网络还包括网络通信基础设备和其它的办公设备通信基础设备和其它的办公设备. .How does a How does a MIS MIS work?work? Answer: Answer: CollectCollectStoreStoreRetrieve Retrieve ConvertConvertobtained from internal and obtained from internal and external sourcesexternal sourcescommunicate communicate presentpresent译译: : 管理信息
34、系统的工作是进行信管理信息系统的工作是进行信息的收集、加工、储存、传输、显息的收集、加工、储存、传输、显示示、更新和维护更新和维护. .Whats the Purpose of Whats the Purpose of MISMIS? ?Answer:Answer: efficient management efficient management译译: : 管理信息系统的目的是达到企业战略管理信息系统的目的是达到企业战略竞优、提高效益和效率，并用来支持企业竞优、提高效益和效率，并用来支持企业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作. .中文定义全文中文定义全文 管理信息系
35、统是一个以人为主导，利用管理信息系统是一个以人为主导，利用计算机的硬件、软件、网络通信这些设备计算机的硬件、软件、网络通信这些设备和其它的办公设备进行信息的收集、传输、和其它的办公设备进行信息的收集、传输、加工、储存、更新和维护以达到企业战略加工、储存、更新和维护以达到企业战略竞优、提高效益和效率的目的，来支持企竞优、提高效益和效率的目的，来支持企业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作的集业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作的集成化的人机系统。成化的人机系统。 管理信息系统概念补充管理信息系统概念补充1.1. 管理信息系统不仅仅是一个技术系统，管理信息系统不仅仅是一个技术系统，而且也是把人包括在内的人机
36、系统，所而且也是把人包括在内的人机系统，所以它是一个管理系统，是个社会系统。以它是一个管理系统，是个社会系统。2.2. 管理信息系统正在成为一门学科，它面管理信息系统正在成为一门学科，它面向管理，利用系统的观点、数学的方法向管理，利用系统的观点、数学的方法和计算机应用三大要素，形成自己独特和计算机应用三大要素，形成自己独特的内涵，从而形成系统型、交叉型、边的内涵，从而形成系统型、交叉型、边缘型的学科。缘型的学科。1.1. Example 1:Example 1: 1.1. Example 2: C Example 2: C 语言程序设计软件语言程序设计软件2.2. Example 3: Exa
37、mple 3: 结构完善的图书馆管理机结构完善的图书馆管理机构构3.3. Example 4: Example 4: 图书馆的图书管理系统图书馆的图书管理系统4.4. Example 5: Example 5: 教务的学生成绩管理系统教务的学生成绩管理系统Is it a MIS ?Is it a MIS ?信息源信息处理器信息用户信息管理者管理信息系统四大组成部分管理信息系统四大组成部分数据至信息的转换The levels of managementThe levels of management战略层战略层战术层战术层实施层实施层实例实例 1:1: 学校机构学校机构校长 Master(Str
38、ategic Manager)教务主任 Director(Tactical Manager)计算机教研室组长 Administrator(Operational Manager)商科教研室组长 Administrator(Operational Manager)行政主任 Director(Tactical Manager)实例实例 2:2: 超市零售集团超市零售集团总经理 General Manager(Strategic Manager)商品部部长 Minister(Tactical Manager)人事部部长 Minister(Tactical Manager)日用部柜长 Director
39、(Operational Manager)生鲜部柜长 Director(Operational Manager)Functions of managementFunctions of management管理职能管理职能Top Level: Strategic Manager Top Level: Strategic Manager 战略层战略层Responsible for:Responsible for: long-term planning long-term planning 长远规划长远规划 setting objectives setting objectives 设置组织目标设置
40、组织目标 formulating policy formulating policy 确定组织制度确定组织制度affect the whole organization affect the whole organization 决策影响决策影响整个组织整个组织deals with unstructured problems and deals with unstructured problems and makes very complex decisions makes very complex decisions 决策层解决非结构化问题决策层解决非结构化问题, , 做出复杂的做出复杂的决
41、定决定 Mid Level: Tactical Manager Mid Level: Tactical Manager 战术层战术层 Responsible for :Responsible for : budgetary control budgetary control 预算控制预算控制 monitoring monitoring 跟踪监管跟踪监管 developing operational policiesdeveloping operational policies 完善制定具体实施政策和目标完善制定具体实施政策和目标 obtaining resources obtaining re
42、sources 获取资源获取资源Affecting a number of people Affecting a number of people 影响部分人影响部分人Less responsibility and deal with semi-Less responsibility and deal with semi-structured problems structured problems 责任较战略层少责任较战略层少, , 处处理半结构化问题理半结构化问题Functions of managementFunctions of managementNature of Business
43、 InformationTactical Level Tactical Level 战术层决策所需信息性质战术层决策所需信息性质 1.1. Source:Source: interior mainly interior mainly ( (主要是企业内部主要是企业内部) ) 2.2. Attention:Attention: resources and budget resources and budget ( (企业内企业内部事务部事务) )3.3. Time limits:Time limits: metaphase metaphase ( (企业内部中期划企业内部中期划) )4.4. I
44、ncidence:Incidence: a few departments a few departments ( (企业某些部企业某些部门门) )5.5. Used for:Used for: Semi-structured Problems Semi-structured Problems6.6. Characteristic: Characteristic: 汇总性、不可预见性、阶段汇总性、不可预见性、阶段性、可比性及概要性性、可比性及概要性Bottom Level: Operational managerBottom Level: Operational manager 一线经理 Re
45、sponsible for:Responsible for: routine activity routine activity 日常例行公事日常例行公事 monitoring monitoring 监控一线员工监控一线员工 ensuring effective use of ensuring effective use of resources resources absence recording absence recording 考勤记录考勤记录 hours worked/overtime hours worked/overtime 加班记录加班记录Affecting only a f
46、ew individuals Affecting only a few individuals 影响影响个人个人Low levels of responsibility, deal Low levels of responsibility, deal with very structured problems with very structured problems 最少的责最少的责任任, , 处理结构化问题处理结构化问题Functions of managementFunctions of managementWhat is a What is a Decision support sys
47、tem? Decision support system? 决策支持系统决策支持系统 Answer: Answer: Decision support Decision support systems are interactive systems systems are interactive systems that rely on hardware and that rely on hardware and software to support managers in software to support managers in the decision making process
48、.the decision making process.DDS is mainly used to DDS is mainly used to supportsupport1.1. PlanningPlanning2.2. ModelingModeling3.3. AnalyzingAnalyzing4.4. Decision-makingDecision-making1.1. 目的在于解决非结构化或半结构化的问目的在于解决非结构化或半结构化的问题题n 综合应用数据、模型和分析技术。综合应用数据、模型和分析技术。n 交互式的友好的接口，非计算机人员容交互式的友好的接口，非计算机人员容易使用。
49、易使用。n 具有很高的灵活性和适应性。具有很高的灵活性和适应性。n 是支持而不是代替人的决策过程。是支持而不是代替人的决策过程。n 是跟踪和适应人的决策过程，而不是要是跟踪和适应人的决策过程，而不是要求人去适应系统。求人去适应系统。DSSDSS的特征描述如下：的特征描述如下：决策支持系统可以有以下一些类型：决策支持系统可以有以下一些类型：1.1. 文件抽屉系统文件抽屉系统 ：只是把文件存起来备查，：只是把文件存起来备查，如航空订票系统，车间监控系统。如航空订票系统，车间监控系统。 2.2. 数据分析系统数据分析系统 ：功能是分解和汇总，如分：功能是分解和汇总，如分析投资机会的财务系统。析投资机
50、会的财务系统。 3.3. 信息分析系统：信息分析系统： 如销售、顾客的预测分析。如销售、顾客的预测分析。 4.4. 会计模型系统会计模型系统 ：如每月的预算、短期的计：如每月的预算、短期的计划。划。 5.5. 表达模型系统表达模型系统 ：如用模拟模型进行风险分：如用模拟模型进行风险分析。析。 6.6. 最佳模型系统最佳模型系统 ：可根据目标和约束条件提：可根据目标和约束条件提出最佳解，供参考。出最佳解，供参考。 7.7. 建议模型系统建议模型系统 ：可以根据条件，选择模型：可以根据条件，选择模型给出处方。如保险率的计算系统。给出处方。如保险率的计算系统。What is a Expert sys
