1、19世纪美术新古典主义美术新古典主义美术(质朴而庄严肃穆)(质朴而庄严肃穆)大卫大卫、韦斯特韦斯特、安格尔安格尔、卡诺瓦卡诺瓦、乌东乌东等等浪漫主义美术浪漫主义美术(激烈而热情奔放)(激烈而热情奔放)借里柯借里柯、德拉克洛瓦德拉克洛瓦、戈雅戈雅、吕德吕德、卡尔波卡尔波、罗丹罗丹等等浪漫派风景画浪漫派风景画特纳特纳、康斯太勃尔康斯太勃尔、弗里德里希弗里德里希、科尔科尔、杜兰德杜兰德等等法国现实主义美术法国现实主义美术库尔贝库尔贝、巴比松画派、巴比松画派、马奈马奈等等法国印象主义法国印象主义莫奈、雷诺阿、毕沙罗、德加、西斯莱等莫奈、雷诺阿、毕沙罗、德加、西斯莱等拿撒勒画派拿撒勒画派、拉斐尔前派拉斐
2、尔前派、象征主义象征主义新印象主义和后印象主义美术新印象主义和后印象主义美术修拉、高更、塞尚、凡修拉、高更、塞尚、凡高等高等巡回展览画派巡回展览画派新古典主义美术新古典主义美术兴起于新古典主义美术兴起于1818世纪后半期,流行于世纪后半期,流行于1919世纪前半世纪前半期,在法国的表现尤为典型,它与法国的资产阶级大革命期,在法国的表现尤为典型,它与法国的资产阶级大革命相结合,成为具有时代革命意义的美术流派。新古典主义相结合,成为具有时代革命意义的美术流派。新古典主义保留有古典主义美术的基本特点,但又有所不同,是古典保留有古典主义美术的基本特点,但又有所不同,是古典主义的飞跃。主义的飞跃。新古典
3、主义推崇古希腊罗马及文艺复兴盛期的作新古典主义推崇古希腊罗马及文艺复兴盛期的作品,以古代的理想美为典范,同时又从现实生活品,以古代的理想美为典范,同时又从现实生活中汲取营养。它强调理性原则,同时又富于时代中汲取营养。它强调理性原则,同时又富于时代精神和思想热情。新古典主义美术多表现历史题精神和思想热情。新古典主义美术多表现历史题材和现实题材,或借古喻今宣扬共和理想,或直材和现实题材,或借古喻今宣扬共和理想,或直接表现斗争宣传英雄主义。在艺术形式方面,它接表现斗争宣传英雄主义。在艺术形式方面,它仍遵循古典主义的规范化要求,强调素描的严谨仍遵循古典主义的规范化要求,强调素描的严谨性、构图的完整性以
4、及造型的体积感和立体感,性、构图的完整性以及造型的体积感和立体感,同时更加追求形式上的单纯化和完整性。同时更加追求形式上的单纯化和完整性。Jacques-Louis David. The Oath of the Tennis Court. 1791. Pen and brown ink, brown wash with white highlights. 66 x 101 cm. 本杰明韦斯特沃尔夫将军之死安格尔安格尔追求安格尔追求“绝对的美绝对的美”,认为古希腊和拉斐尔的艺术是,认为古希腊和拉斐尔的艺术是“完美无瑕完美无瑕”的典范,并认为造型的形式美才是绘画的根的典范,并认为造型的形式美才是
5、绘画的根本,本,“一切决定于形式一切决定于形式”。他推崇历史画,推崇古典的艺。他推崇历史画,推崇古典的艺术法则;强调理性原则,重视素描和线条的作用,忽视色术法则;强调理性原则,重视素描和线条的作用,忽视色彩的表现作用,并反对直接表达感情和想象。彩的表现作用,并反对直接表达感情和想象。Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Portrait of Countess DHaussonville. 1845. Oil on canvas. Frick Collection, New York Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Portrait of
6、Madame Moitessier Standing. 1851. Oil on canvas. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USA Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. Portrait of Princess De Broglie. 1853. Oil on canvas. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA 浪漫主义美术浪漫主义美术产生于浪漫主义美术产生于1818世纪末,盛行于世纪末,盛行于1919世纪前期,是在世纪前期,是在与学院派古典主义的斗争
7、中发展起来的。与学院派古典主义的斗争中发展起来的。浪漫主义美术的风格特征:主张创作自由和艺术独创性。主张创作自由和艺术独创性。重视艺术家个性、情感和想象的表现。重视艺术家个性、情感和想象的表现。追求色彩、色调的表现力和流畅奔放的笔触。追求色彩、色调的表现力和流畅奔放的笔触。题材上多选取悲剧题材、稀有题材、文学题材、异国情调题材上多选取悲剧题材、稀有题材、文学题材、异国情调题材等。题材等。Eugne Delacroix. Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi. 1826. Oil on canvas. Muse des Beaux-Arts, Bordeaux,
8、France Eugne Delacroix. The Barque of Dante. 1822. Oil on canvas. Louvre, Paris, France. Eugne Delacroix. Odalisque(女奴,婢妾). 1857. Oil on wood. Private collection Jean Louis Andr Thodore Gricault. The Madwoman. c. 1822-23. Oil on canvas. 72 x 58 cm. Muse des Beaux-Arts, Lyons, France. Jean Louis Andr
9、 Thodore Gricault. The Madman. c. 1822. Oil on canvas. Muse des Beaux-Arts, Ghent, Belgium Jean Louis Andr Thodore Gricault. An Officer of the Imperial Horse Guadrs Charging, also Chasseur Charging. 1814. Oil on canvas. 349 x 266 cm. Louvre, Paris, France. Five Wise and Five Foolish Virgins by Peter
10、 Von CorneliusThomas Cole. The Voyage of Life: Childhood. 1842. Oil on canvas. Munson-Williams Proctor Institute, Utica, NY, USA Thomas Cole. The Voyage of Life: Youth. 1842. Oil on canvas. Munson-Williams Proctor Institute, Utica, NY, USA Thomas Cole. The Voyage of Life: Old Age. 1842. Oil on canva
11、s Thomas Cole. The Notch of the White Mountains. 1839. Oil on canvas. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USA. Thomas Cole. View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm (the Oxbow). 1836. Oil on canvas Thomas Cole. The Tornado. 1835. Oil on canvas. The Corcoran Gall
12、ery of Art, USA.Thomas Cole. Landscape Scene from the Last of the Mohicans. 1827. Oil on canvas. Kindred SpiritsThe BeechesThe Solitary TreeWanderer above a Sea of FogMonk by the SeaCross in the MountainsChalk Cliffs of RugenWilliam Turner. Fishermen at Sea. 1796. Oil on canvas. Tate Gallery, London
13、, UK. William Turner. Snow Storm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps. 1812. Oil on canvas William Turner. Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway. 1844. Oil on canvas John Constable. Dedham Vale: Morning. 1811. Oil on canvas. John Constable. Flatford Mill. 1817. Oil on canvas现实主义美术的基本
14、特征:重现实。它把艺术反映的基点放在现实生活之中,重现实。它把艺术反映的基点放在现实生活之中,把描绘现实视为艺术的首要任务。把描绘现实视为艺术的首要任务。重科学。反对虚无的、恐怖的、异常的东西,要重科学。反对虚无的、恐怖的、异常的东西,要求仔细地观察生活,注意对细节的描绘。求仔细地观察生活,注意对细节的描绘。重客观。现实主义排斥主观的想象,要求客观地、重客观。现实主义排斥主观的想象,要求客观地、按生活的原貌真实地反映生活。按生活的原貌真实地反映生活。重批判。现实主义在揭露社会的恶习等方面,具重批判。现实主义在揭露社会的恶习等方面,具有非常重要的意义。有非常重要的意义。The Painters
15、StudioA Burial at Ornans Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The Girlhood of Mary Virgin. 1849. Oil on canvas Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The Bower Meadow. 1872. Oil on canvas Dante Gabriel Rossetti. La Pia de Tolomei. 1868-1880. Oil on canvas Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The Beloved. 1865-1866. Oil on canvas. Tate Gall
16、ery, London, UK Sir Edward Burne-Jones. The Beguiling of Merlin (Merlin and Vivien). 1870-1874. Oil on canvas Sir Edward Burne-Jones. King Cophetua and The Beggar Maid. 1884. Oil on canvas Sir Edward Burne-Jones. The Mirror of Venus. Oil on canvas. Paolina Borgheseby Antonio Canova (1757-1822) Augus
17、te Rodin, The Gates of Hell, a set of bronze doors. Jules Mastbaum, posthumous cast, 1926.Auguste Rodin, Burghers of Calais, 1884-86. Bronze. Rodin Museum, ParisDance by Jean-Baptiste CarpeauxGustave MoreauSalome Dancing before Herod1876Edouard Manet. The Fifer. 1866. Oil on canvas. Muse dOrsay, Paris, France Edouard Manet. A Bar at the Folies-Bergre. 1882. Oil on canvas. Courtauld Institute Galleries, London, UK Edouard Manet. Olympia. 1863. Oil on canvas. Muse dOrsay, Paris, FranceEdouard Manet. The Picnic (Le Djeuner sur lHerbe). 1862-1863. Oil on canvas