1、汤姆告诉我这个消息汤姆告诉我这个消息.Tom told me the news.Tom told me that Jay would come to our city . 宾语宾语 宾语宾语Tom told me the news that Jay would come to our city . 同位语同位语 同位语是句子成分的一种同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名它位于名词、代词后面词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情说明它们的性质和情况况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。语或从句充当。同位语同位语 the Appositive语法精解语法精解( (一
2、一) )同位语的表现形式有以下几种：同位语的表现形式有以下几种：(1) 名词名词 Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代词代词 I myself will do the experiment.(3) 数词数词 She is the oldest among them six.(4) 从句从句 He told me the news that the plane had exploded. 他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。(5) 由由such as, that is引导引导 Some subjects, such as maths a
3、nd physics, are very difficult to learn. 某些学科某些学科,例如数学和物理例如数学和物理,是很难学的。是很难学的。(6) 由由 of 引导引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000. 自从自从2000年以来年以来, 北京市发生了很北京市发生了很大的变化大的变化。(7) 由由 or 引导引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordi
4、nary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点结冰温度即冰点,是水在常压下结冰是水在常压下结冰时的温度。时的温度。 可用可用 破折号，引号，破折号，引号，namely (即即), that is to say ,that is (也就是说也就是说), in other words (换句话说换句话说), for example 等等引出引出同位语同位语, 说明其前说明其前面面的名词或代词的名词或代词。有时同位语。有时同位语直接跟直接跟在名词或代词的后面。在名词或代词的后面。小结： He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to al
5、l. There is only one way of improving your English , that is , to practice more. Altogether Dolly had lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep.同位语从句同位语从句 the Appositive clause1.同位语从句的定义同位语从句的定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语
6、的作用。的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。语法精解语法精解( (二二) )它一般放在它一般放在fact, news, idea, truth , hope , problem, information, belief, thought, doubt, promise, question 等名等名词的后面词的后面,对前面的名词作进一步的解对前面的名词作进一步的解释释,说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词位语从句的词有连词that,连接副词连接副词how, when, where, whether 等。等。但是引导同位语从句不用if 同位语从句同位语从句1.
7、概念概念:在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。2.功能功能:同位语从句对名词进一步解释，同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容说明名词的具体内容3.构成要素：构成要素： 常跟的常跟的抽象名词抽象名词有有: fact/ idea/reason thought/order/ doubt/news/hope truth/belief 连接词连接词 that/whether/who/ which what/when/where/why/how连接词连接词that引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句that在从句中不充当成分在从句中不充当成分,只起连接作用只起
8、连接作用.He told me the news that he would come home from aboard soon.他告诉我一个消息他告诉我一个消息,他马上要从国外回国他马上要从国外回国.There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down.只用只用whether引导引导,不用不用if.他是否返回的他是否返回的这个问题还未被证实这个问题还未被证实.The problem _ he return hasnt been proved.连接词连接词whether引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句whether连接词代词连接词代词w
9、hat/which/who 引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句1.谁会出国这个问题还未决定谁会出国这个问题还未决定.2.我不知道该选哪个我不知道该选哪个.1.The question _ should go abroad hasnt been decided yet.2. I have no idea _ one I should choose.whichwho(定语定语)(主主)在从句中充当成分在从句中充当成分连接词副词连接词副词when/where/why/how 引导的同位语从句引导的同位语从句 1.我了解他们为什么离开得那么早我了解他们为什么离开得那么早.2. 我们还没决定好去哪儿我们还
10、没决定好去哪儿.1.Ive got a good idea _ they left early.2.The question _ we should go has not been decided.whywhere在从句中充当成分在从句中充当成分同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别:回顾一下定语从句的概念和用法。 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词名词;定语从句所修饰、限定的名词定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。We express the hope that they will come to vi
11、sit China again.(同位语从句同位语从句)Those who want to go please sign their names here.(定语从句定语从句) 同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系有逻辑关系, 定语从句所限定的名定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。语、定语、状语等。The news that they won the match is true.(同位语从句同位语从句, news和从句没有逻辑关系和从句没有逻辑关系)The news that you told us
12、yesterday is true.(定语从句定语从句, news是是told的逻辑宾语的逻辑宾语)The order when we should go back hasnt reached us.(同位语从句同位语从句, order和从句没有逻辑关和从句没有逻辑关系系)The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten.(定语从句定语从句, day是是founded 的逻辑状语的逻辑状语) 同位语从句主要由连接词同位语从句主要由连接词that引导引导,有有时也可用时也可用when, where, who, whether等引
13、导等引导; 定语从句由关系代词或关系定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。副词引导。 Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed. Do you know the place where he was born? 引导同位语从句的连词不可省略引导同位语从句的连词不可省略;引导引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。略。 The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true. The news (tha
14、t) he told me is exciting. 同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完整句子整句子, 谓语动词用谓语动词用be的不同形式的不同形式。 He heard the news that their team had won. 此句可以变为一个表语从句此句可以变为一个表语从句: The news was that their team had won.1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.2)The news that Tom would go abroad
15、 is told by him.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）定语从句定语从句宾语宾语同位语从句同位语从句(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的）汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的）同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句 that名词性，常位于名词性，常位于抽象名词后，抽象名词后，说明说明形容词性，常位于形容词性，常位于具体名词后，具体名词后，限定限定只连接主句和从句只连接主句和从句,在从句中不充当成分在从句中不充当成分,名词在从句中名词在从句中多余多余连接同时，代替前连接同时，代替前名词名词,在从句中充当在从句中充当成分成分前名词和从句加is是逻辑逻辑上的主系表结构前名词和
16、从句加is不不是逻辑逻辑上主系表结构1.The news that there are no lives on the moon is known to us all. ( )2.The news that you heard is not true. ( )3.Have you any idea who he went with? ( )4.Is there any hope that they will be home in time? ( )5.The problem that you referred to doesnt exist at all. ( )同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定
17、语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句定语从句定语从句练习练习1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet./The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句句的复合句。2. The Queen of
18、 England was on a four-day visit in China./We heard the news last night.We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a four-day visit in china.3. Teenagers shouldnt spend too much time on line. /Many Chinese parents hold the view.Many Chinese parents hold the view that teenagers sho
19、uldnt spend too much time online.4. Time travel is possible./We have no scientific proof for the idea.We have no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible.5. Students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people.The suggestion that students should be giv
20、en more free time is welcomed by many people.1. We dont think you two have met before. 我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。 (宾语从句宾语从句)翻译句子翻译句子, ,并说明这个名词性从句的作用并说明这个名词性从句的作用。2. It is certain that John will do well in his exam. 约翰肯定会考好。约翰肯定会考好。 (主语从句主语从句)3. Whether they are coming or not dont matter too much
21、. 他们来不来无关紧要。他们来不来无关紧要。 (主语从句主语从句)4. Now is when we need him most. 现在是我们最需要他的时候。现在是我们最需要他的时候。 (表语从句表语从句)5. I have no idea how she got through the forest. 我不知道她是如何穿过那个森林的。我不知道她是如何穿过那个森林的。 (同位语从句同位语从句)6. The fact that they won the prize made us happy. 他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。 (同位语从句同位语从句)1. One of th
22、em held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that what C. that D. whether单词填空单词填空2. The reason _ he has to go is _ his mother is ill in bed. A, why ; why B. why; because C. why ; that D. that ; because3. They received orders _ the work be done right away. A. which B. that C. / D. when
23、4. You can take the seat_ is free. A. which B. that C. where D. in which5. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D .where6. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he was likely to lose control over the plane. A. wher
24、e B. which C. what D. why7. Thats the only thing _ he can do now A. which B. all C. that D. what8. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as9. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether10. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving
