1、Materials Selection for Various ServiceConditions不同环境下材料的选择 Non-corrosive/Mildly sour service无腐蚀，微酸性环境 CO2 Corrosion/Intermediate Service(Wt. LossCorrosion)二氧化碳腐蚀，质量损失腐蚀 Highly corrosive service (high CO2/high H2S/high T) 严重腐蚀环境（高温，高含硫，高含二氧化碳） Water injection service注水环境Completion Equipment Material
2、s as aFunction of Customers Tubing与油管相对应的工具材质Completion Equipment Material完井工具材质4130/4140 4130 Modified (90 ksi), T-95, 925 forpolished bores410/13Cr, 420 Mod.Super 13Cr25Cr or 718925, 718725Tubing Material油管材质J-55, C-75, N-80, L-80C-90/ T-9513Cr (420 Mod.)Super 13Cr22/25Cr (Duplex)825C-276Materials
3、 Selection Guide材质选择指南Alloy Recommended推荐使用合金 4130/4140 (polished bores打磨的口径 9 Cr-1 Mo) 4130 External外表 (22 HRc max) 9 Cr-1 Mo FlowWetted 22/25Cr S.S. 22/25Cr S.S. 925/718 (Ni-Cr) alloys 725, C-276, etc.Environment使用环境 Non-Corrosive Service无腐蚀环境 Slightly Corrosive to Moderately CorrosiveLow H2S, CO2
4、 + Water Low Temperatures,250F低腐蚀环境，低含硫，Co2，低温小于250F CO2 Corrosion, Trace H2S二氧化碳腐蚀，微硫化氢 CO2 Corrosion, Low H2S Higher Temperatures 二氧化碳腐蚀，低硫化氢，更高温 Severely Corrosive H2S, CO2, up to 300F 严重的硫化氢，二氧化碳腐蚀，高温至300F Severely Corrosive + Temperatures over 300F严重腐蚀，温度超过300FEquipment for Standard/ Low H2SSer
5、vice标准或低含硫环境的材质选择 Low alloy steels, 4130/4130 used for most completionequipment.低合金钢，4130适用于绝大多数的完井工具 Flow wetted components in safety valves are madefrom 9Cr-1Mo. Polished bore components ie. Nipplesare made from 9Cr-1Mo or higher alloys.流体经过部分材质是9Cr-1Mo，外表面材质9Cr-1Mo或者更高质量的合金。 LA steels and 9Cr-1Mo
6、 are usually heat treated to80ksi YS and hardness controlled to HRC 22 per NACEstd. LA合金和9Cr-1Mo经过回火处理后可以达到80Ksi屈服强度，HRC硬度22.CO2 Corrosion and Intermediate Service二氧化碳腐蚀环境 Prime consideration is given for weight loss corrosionissues. Goal is 10-20 year service life and beyond ifrequired.首要考虑的是由于质量损失
7、引起的腐蚀，目标是10-20年的服务年限，或者更高。 Generally, 13Cr, Super 13Cr and are used. 一般使用13Cr，或者超级13Cr。410-13Cr420 ModF6NM17-4PHAlly 450Super 13CrSuper DuplexCarbon碳0.08 0.150.15 0.220.060.070.050.030.03Chromium铬12.5 13.512 1412 1415.5 17.514 1612 1424- 26Nickel 镍0.500.503.5 4.53 5574568Molybdenum钼-0.3 0.7-0.5 1.01
8、.5 334Copper 铜-0.25-3 51.25 1.750.151Min. Y.S. , ksi最小抗拉强度（ksi）80808010585-959580Max HRc最大洛氏硬度22222333312828Heat Treatment热处理工艺Q & T Double T Q&TQ & Double TAnn. & DoubleAgeAnn. & AgeQ&TAnn.CO2 Resistance抗CO2性能Good 良好Good 良好Good 良好Good 良好Excellent 优秀Excellent 优秀Excellent 优秀H2 S CTResistance抗硫化氢性能Poo
9、r 差Poor 差Poor 差Poor 差Poor 差Poor 差Poor 差Modified 13Cr Stainless Steels改良13Cr合金 Offer Higher Strength 更高屈服强度95 and 110 ksi Grades 95和110两种钢级 Higher Toughness 更高抗冲击性能 Higher CO2 Resistance 更高抗二氧化碳腐蚀性能 Moderate Cost Increase 成本较少提升 Availability in Bar Stock 可用于毛坯料加工 Poor in H2S 抗二氧化硫腐蚀能力差Modern CRA Deve
10、lopment 现代CRA（耐腐蚀合金）发展 Introduction began in the early 1970s 七十年到引入行业 CRAs used today are Fe or Ni-based alloys, some TiAlloys 现金合金多为铁基合金和镍基合金，少数为钛基合金 Advances in manufacturing occurred to meetmechanical strength requirements 生产工艺的发展满足了合金工具对机械强度的要求 Had to optimize composition and heat treatments,def
11、ine service limits 优化了合金结构和热处理工艺，对服务环境进行了明确定义。 Alter thread designs 改变了丝扣设计 Advances in NDE technology occurred 无损检测技术出现Modern CRA Development 现代CRA发展Why Use CRAs? 为什么使用CRA？ Corrosion inhibition may be unproven or not effectiveenough. 腐蚀抑制剂不能达到理想效果 Cost of CRAs can be justified by loss of downtime d
12、ueto downhole inhibitor treatments, workover avoidance,increased gas rates due to lower friction factor of CRAsurface. 由于井下抑制剂而减少了停工期，弥补了因使用CRA带来的成本增加。 High reliability when selected properly to matchenvironment. 一旦根据井下环境而选择了合适的合金，其井下表现十分可靠。Alloy 718合金718 Aerospace alloy that was optimized for use i
13、n oil and gasindustry Used for components in safety valves, gas lift valves, packers etc. Large effort to optimize heat treatments to obtain combination ofstrength, toughness and corrosion resistance required.Solution Anneal 1850F-1900F 1hr min- 2hrs融化退火1850F-1900F 1小时（最小）-2小时Age 6hrs min 8hrs 1425-
14、1475F持续时间6小时（最小）-8小时在1425-1475F Typical properties 120ksi YS, Charpy impact value min. 35 ft-lbs HRC 32-40在油气田工业航空合金充分的利用用于安全阀，气举阀，封隔器等的组成部分尽可能优选热处理来得到强度、韧度以及抗腐蚀性的需求典型的性质：120ksi屈服强度，夏氏冲击值最小35英尺磅、洛氏硬度32-40Alloy 925/718合金925/718Yield Strength: 屈服强度：925 - 110 ksi Min. 925-110ksi最小 718 - 120 or 130 ksi
15、Min.718-120或130ksi最小 Isotropic 均质的 Excellent Corrosion Resistance 极好的抗腐蚀性 Available in all sizes in Bar Stocks 可用于各种尺寸的棒材 Compliance to NACE Standard MR0175 符合防腐工程师协会标准MR0175 No concerns with acidizing 适应酸化条件 Experienced in HP/HT 适用于在高温高压 Smaller OD/Larger ID 小外径/大内径 Only 5% drop in y.s. at 350F 在35
16、0F的温度下只有小于5%屈服应力的下降 Weldable 可焊的General and/orSour service一般和/或酸化服务Intermediateand/or CO2Service过渡的和/或CO2服务Severe and/orH2S-CO2 service服务和/或H2S-CO2 服务Water injectionService注水服务SSSV安全阀9CR, fl. Wet 4140ext.13CR fl wet 4140ext or (all 13CR for13CR tubing)925/718 f.w. Or all925/718 (forduplex or 825tubi
17、ng)17-4PH or 25CrOxygen kept to aminimum.氧气保持一个最小值。Nipple坐落短节9CR13CR925/71817-4PH or 25CrSPM材质4130410925/71817-4PH, Custom450, 25CrPacker封隔器4130/414013CR f.w. 4140 ext. 925/718 f.w. 4140ext.4140 ext., 17-4PHor 25Cr f.w. partsMaterial Selection forCompletion Equipment完井设备的材料选择Field A Reservoir Data A
18、油田储集层数据大孔眼射孔器BHP井底温度 BHT井口温度FWHT关井井口压力SI WHP井的流体Well Fluid实际垂深Depth (TVD)采油速度Production rate汽油比GOR硫化氢H2S二氧化碳CO2氯离子浓度Cl-汞离子MercuryScale规模甲醇Methanol910 Bar (13,195 psi)170 (338 F)145 C (293 F)720 Bar (10,440 psi)Gas Condensate凝析气4,600 Meters (15,093 feet)2 mmscmd/2,200 scmd(71 mmscfd/14,400 bpd)90011
19、- 30 ppm (0.14-0.39 psia)4-7% (527 - 925 psia)5,000 mg/lTraces追踪YesInjected注入Well Completions 完井5000 m: 7”, 26 lb/ft. Total tubing合计油管总重:Total equipment合计工具总重:430 tons 430 吨45 tons 45吨RAW MATERIAL BAR STOCKALLOY$/lb.41301.041401.09Cr1.5410-13Cr2.0420 Mod.2.017-43.03042.53163.0S13Cr5.04506.09185.5Mon
20、el K-5001292511.571812625M2072520C-27650MP35N60Relative Cost 相对成本Relative Cost of TRM/TRC SCSSV TRM/TRC安全阀的相对成本 11.531.01.329Cr Flow WettedAll 13 Cr ssAll 718TRCTRMRelative Cost相对成本Valve Material材质Surface Treatments 表面处理Corrosion, wear, friction, etc. occur on the surface发生在表面的腐蚀，磨损，摩擦等Application d
21、ictates type of surface treatments表面处理的运用分类Process limitations过程的局限性Coatings 涂层 Rust Protection 防锈性CRC Inhibited oil (CSP-99) CRC控制油（CSP-99）Phosphate (CSP-16) 磷酸盐（CSP-16） Lubrication 润滑剂Phosphate (CSP-16) 磷酸盐（CSP-16）MoS2 (CSP-85) MoS2（CSP-85）Cu Plating (CSP-73) 镀铜（CSP-73）Gold Plating (CSP-54) 镀金（CSP
22、-54）Xylan (CSP-29, CSP-70) 木糖胶（CSP-29，CSP-70）Coatings 涂层Hard Facing 表面硬化Diffusion Coatings扩散涂层carburizing 渗碳剂Nitriding (CSP-82, 86) 氮化Ni3 Al (TMT, CSP-52) Ni3AlSpray Coating 喷涂Tungsten Carbide (CSP-51) 硬质合金stellite 钨铬钴合金Weld Overlay 焊接膜Stellite Overlay 钨铬钴合金膜 Plating 电镀 Chrome Plating 镀铬 Ni Plating 镀镍 PVD 物理气相沉积 TiN (CSP-112) 氮化钛
