1、Leadership Text LeadershipText Leadership Notes Vocabulary Comprehension DiscussionExercisesExercises Translation WritingFurther ReadingFurther Reading Case Study of Greyhound Lines,Inc.TermsTerms ERG theory human resources managementProfile Profile Jack Welch,Jr.ReferencesReferencesThe definition o
2、f Leadership Five importance potential sources of power Traditional approaches to studying leadership Three general categories of leadership behaviorNew developments The EndWhat is leadership?What makes a great leader?VisionLeadership can be taught and learned.Leadership seems to be the marshaling o
3、f skills possessed by a majority but used by a minority.vt.To arrange,place,or set in methodical order.A leader is one who influences others to attain goals.The greater the number of followers,the greater the influence.And the more successful the attainment of worthy goals,the more evident the leade
4、rship.This definition may be accurate,but it fails to capture the excitement and intrigue that devoted followers and students of leadership feel when they see a great leader in action.Also,it gives us few clues about what organizational leaders do or what it really takes to gain entry into Fortunes
5、Hall of Fame for U.S.Business Leadership.(especially in the USA)it refers to a building or room containing small statues or similar memorials of people who have become famous in a particular activity.n.Strong attractiveness or appeal.Certain qualitiesCertain qualitiesLeadership and managementLeaders
6、hip and managementLeadership MetaphorsLeadership MetaphorsLeadership by a groupLeadership by a groupScientific theories of Scientific theories of leadershipleadership The important points Reasons of failture Responsibilities The faculty of seeing:eye,eyesight,seeing,sight.Archaic light1.See See see/
7、not see.see/not see.Unusual or creative discernment or perception:farsightedness,foresight,prescience.SeeSee foresight.foresight.An illusory mental image:daydream,dream,fancy,fantasy,fiction,figment,illusion,phantasm,phantasma,reverie.SeeSee real/imaginary.real/imaginary.Something that is foretold b
8、y or as if by supernatural means:divination,oracle,prophecy,soothsaying,vaticination.SeeSee foresight foresight.They move people and organizations in directions they otherwise would not go.They may launch enterprises,build organization cultures,win wars,or otherwise change the course of events.They
9、are gifted strategists who seize opportunities others overlook,but they are also passionately concerned with details all the small,fundamental realities that can make or mar the grandest of plans.vt.To inflict damage,especially disfiguring damage,on;to impair the soundness,perfection,orintegrity of;
10、spoilOutstanding leaders have vision.The leaders job is to create a vision.Having a vision for the future and communicating that vision to others are known to be essential components of great leadership.A vision is a mental image of a possible and desirable future of the organization.Great leaders s
11、ee in their vision what others have not thought of.They strive to realize significant achievements that others have not.A vision is necessary for effective leadershipA person can develop a vision for any job,work unit,or organizationMost people,including managers who do not develop into strong leade
12、rs,do not develop a clear vision instead,they focus on performing or surviving on a day-by-day basis.An inappropriate vision may reflect merely the leaders internal needs.A inappropriate vision may ignore stakeholder needs.A inappropriate vision may be based on a serious miscalculation of the resour
13、ces needed and available to achieve it.The leader must stay abreast of environmental changes.Effective managers are not necessarily true leaders.Managers must deal with the ongoing,day-to-day complexities of organizations.While managers engage in planning and budgeting routines,leaders set the direc
14、tion or create a vision for the firm.Management requires structuring the organization,staffing it with capable people,and monitoring activities;leadership goes beyond these functions by inspiring people to attain the vision.Great leaders keep people focused on moving the organization toward its idea
15、l future,motivating them to overcome whatever obstacles lie in the way.The leader with legitimate power has the right,or authority,to tell subordinates what to do;The leader who has reward power influences subordinatesThe leader with coercive power has control over punishments;The leader with refere
16、nt power has personal characteristics that appeal to others;The leader who has expert power has certain expertise or knowledge;The trait approachThe behavioral approachThe situational approach.n.A distinguishing feature,as of a persons character.effective leader behaviors vary from situation to situ
17、ation.The leader should first analyze the situation and then decide what to do.Look before you lead.Is the oldest leadership perspective and was dominant for several decades.This approach seems logical for studying leadership.Focuses on individual leaders and attempts to determine the personal chara
18、cteristics(traits)that great leaders share.Great leadersWinston ChurchillAlexander the GreatGandhiNapoleonMartin Luther King DriveLeadership motivationIntegrity Self-confidence Knowledge of the businessThe ability to perceive the needs and goals of followers and to adjust ones personal leadership ap
19、proach accordingly.It attempts to identify what good leaders do.Should leaders focus on getting the job done or on keeping their followers happy?Should they make decisions autocratically or democratically?Behaviors related to task performanceGroup maintenanceEmployee participation in decision making
20、Substitutes for leadership Charismatic leadershipEmpowermentTransformational leadership Leadership agendaSituational substitutes can provide the same influence on employees that leaders otherwise would have.Certain subordinate,task,and organizational factors are substitutes for task performance-orie
21、nted and group maintenance-oriented leader behaviors.Group maintenance behaviors will have less impact if subordinates already have a closely-knit groupSubordinates have a professional orientationThe job is intrinsically satisfyingThere is great physical distance between leader and subordinates.Task
22、 performance leadership is less important if subordinates have a lot of experience and ability,feedback is supplied to employees directly from the task or by computer,or the rules and procedures are rigid.The concept of subordinates for leadership does more than indicate when a leaders attempts at i
23、nfluence will and will not work.It provides useful and practical prescriptions for how to manage more efficiently.Charisma is a rather evasive concept;it is easy to spot but hard to define.According to one definition,charisma packs an emotional wallop for followers above and beyond ordinary esteem,a
24、ffection,admiration,and trust.The charismatic is an idolized hero,a messiah and a savior.Charismatic leaders are dominant and self-confident and have a strong conviction in the moral righteousness of their beliefs.They strive to create an aura of competence and success and communicate high expectati
25、ons for and confidence in followers.Charismatic leader articulates ideological goals.Leaders who possess these characteristics inspire in their followers trust,confidence,unquestioning acceptance,willing obedience,emotional involvement,affection for the leader,and higher performance.Charismatic auth
26、orityReligious charismatic leadersPolitical charismatic leadersEnhancing their confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization.Results in changes in employees beliefsThe result is that people take more initiative and perse
27、vere in achieving their goals and their leaders vision even in the face of difficulty.Allowing them to participate in decision makingExpressing confidence in their ability to perform at high levelsDesigning their jobs so they have greater freedomSetting meaningful and challenging goalsApplauding out
28、standing performanceEncouraging people to take personal responsibility for their work.Change things from what could be to what isThree primary waysThe four skills FirstFirstThey are charismatic.SecondSecondThey give their followers individualized attention.ThirdThirdTransformational leaders are inte
29、llectuallystimulating.To have a visionTo communicate their visionTo build trust by being consistent,dependable,and persistentTo have a positive self-regard.Dwight Eisenhower Three ActivitiesCreate an agenda for change for their business.Develop interpersonal networks and other resources that can hel
30、p them accomplish their agendas.Ensuring that the networks are successful at implementation of the agenda.Such an agenda should include a vision of what can be and what should be.This vision should into account the legitimate long-term interests of the organizations stakeholders.The agenda should al
31、so include a strategy for achieving the vision.n.One who has a share or an interest,as in an enterprise.The successful general managers should develop interpersonal networks and other resources that can help them accomplish their agendas.The network must include a highly motivated core group of peop
32、le who are committed to making the vision a reality and have the key sources of power needed to implement the leaders strategy.Once these agendas and networks are in largely in place,the successful managers turn their attention to ensuring that the networks are successful at implementation of the ag
33、enda.Creating visionary agendas,building networks,and implementing the agendas are key ingredients of effective leadership.Talent and technical/specific skill at some task at hand.Initiative and entrepreneurial drive Charismatic inspiration-attractiveness to others and the ability to leverage this e
34、steem to motivate others Preoccupation with a rle-a dedication that consumes much of leaders life-service to a cause.A clear sense of mission-clear goals-focus commitment Results-orientation-directing every action towards a mission-prioritizing activities to spend time where results most accrue Opti
35、mism-very few pessimists become leaders Rejection of determinism-belief in ones ability to make a difference Ability to encourage and nurture those that report to them-delegate in such a way as people will grow Rle models-take on a persona that encapsulates the mission-lead by example Leadership lin
36、ks closely with the idea of management,some would regard the two as synonymous.you can view leadership as being either:Centralized or decentralizedBroad or focusedDecision-oriented or morale-centredIntrinsic or derived from some authorityAn effective leader resembles an orchestra conductor in some w
37、ays.He/she has to somehow get a group of potentially diverse and talented people-many of whom have strong personalities-to work together toward a common output.In contrast to tolerating leadership as a position of authority,some highly successful organizations have adopted a pragmatic approach when
38、they found that the role of boss costs too much in team performance.Fiedler contingency model Leadership participation model Path-goal model Situational leadership theory Trait theory Functional leadership model Managerial grid model Leadership training resourcesCharcateristics of leaders and leader
39、shipNarcissistic leaders Something or someone that shows the way:conductor,director,escort,guide,lead,pilot,shepherd,usher.SeeSee show/hide show/hide.A leading contestant:front-runner,number one.SeeSee precede/follow precede/follow.One who is highest in rank or authority:boss,chief,chieftain,directo
40、r,head,headman,hierarch,master.Slang honcho.Idioms:cock of the walk.SeeSee over/under over/under.A professional politician who controls a party or political machine:boss,chief.SeeSee over/under over/under.An important,influential person:character,dignitary,eminence,lion,nabob,notability,notable,pers
41、onage.Informal big-timer,heavyweight,somebody,someone,VIP.Slang big shot,big wheel,bigwig,muckamuck.See See important/unimportant.important/unimportant.A prominent article in a periodical:feature,lead.SeeSee words.words.Delegated authority Personal or group charisma Ascribed powerExpertise(Ability,S
42、kills)Persuasion Knowledge MoneyForce(violence,military might,coercion).Moral suasion Application of non-violence Operation of group dynamics Social influence of traditionCoercive powerReward power Legitimate power Referent power Expert power Political Leader/Writer/World War II Political Leader/Wri
43、ter/World War II FigureFigure Born:Born:30 November 1874 Birthplace:Birthplace:Blenheim Palace,Oxfordshire,England Death:Death:24 January 1965 Best Known As:Best Known As:Indefatigable prime minister of Britain during World War II EmperorEmperor Born:Born:356 B.C.Birthplace:Birthplace:Pella,Macedoni
44、a Death:Death:323 B.C.(cause uncertain)Best Known As:Best Known As:Conqueror of the ancient world Of all those who have set out to conquer the world,Alexander the Great came closest to finishing the job.The son of King Phillip II of Macedon,Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle and fir
45、st led troops at age 18.After his fathers death he whipped the superpower Persians and conquered much of the civilized world.He died suddenly at age 33 after a bout of heavy drinking;some suggest he was poisoned,though no cause of death has ever been proved.Political Leader/ActivistPolitical Leader/
46、Activist Born:Born:2 October 1869 Birthplace:Birthplace:Porbandar,India Death:Death:30 January 1948(assassinated)Best Known As:Best Known As:Non-violent leader of Indian independence He studied law in England,then spent 20 years defending the rights of immigrants in South Africa.In 1914 he returned
47、to India and became the leader of the Indian National Congress.Gandhi urged non-violence and civil disobedience as a means to independence from Great Britain,with public acts of defiance that landed him in jail several times.In 1947 he participated in the postwar negotiations that led to Indian inde
48、pendence.He was shot to death by a Hindu fanatic in 1948.He is sometimes compared with fellow humanitarians Mother Teresa,Nelson Mandela and Martin Luther King,Jr.A political figure of the twentieth century in India;the leader of Indias drive for independence from Britain.He used methods of passive
49、resistance and nonviolent disobedience to influence British rulers.He was assassinated in 1948,just after India secured its independence.The title mahatma means“great soul.”EmperorEmperor Born:Born:15 August 1769 Birthplace:Birthplace:Ajaccio,Corsica Death:Death:5 May 1821(stomach cancer?)Best Known
50、 As:Best Known As:Frances greatest military genius A French general,political leader,and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804.He conquer
