1、Unit 23 Virtual ManufacturingContentslNew Words&Expressions lText&TranslationlComplex Sentence AnalysislKey to ExercisesNew Words&Expressions lvirtual manufacturing 虚拟制造lsynthetic sinetik adj.人造的，综合的，假想的lbe described as 被说成是，被称作lsimulated simjuleitid adj.仿造的，模仿的lvirtual reality 虚拟现实literatively itrt
2、ivli adv.反(重)复，迭代lconcurrently knkrntli adv.同时，兼，并行地New Words&Expressions lcarry out 完成；落实；贯彻；实现；执行lconceive knsiv v.构想出,想像,设想lvirtual enterprise 虚拟企业lmulti-disciplinary adj.(有关)多种学科的lconfigure knfig v.使成形，使具形体，装配，配置lencompass inkmps v.围绕,包围limplement implimnt n.工具,器具,用具lprototype pruttaip n.原型;标准;模
3、范New Words&Expressions lcollision klin n.碰撞，冲突，抵触lergonomic gnmik adj.人类工程(学)的，人机学的lin the form of 以的形式linfrastructure infrstrkt n.基础(结构)，基本设施loptimization ptimaizein n.最佳化，最优化lbulldozer bulduz n.推土机Text&Translationl1.What is Virtual Manufacturing l1Virtual manufacturing(VM)is an integrated,syntheti
4、c manufacturing environment exercised to enhance all levels of decision and control in a manufacturing enterprise.VM can be described as a simulated model of the actual manufacturing setup which may or may not exist.It has all the information related to the process,the process control,management and
5、 product specifications.It is also possible to have part of the manufacturing plant be real and the other part virtual.Virtual manufacturing is the use of computer models and simulations of manufacturing process to aid in design and production of manufactured products.Text&TranslationlLawrence Assoc
6、iate 1996,has identified three different types of Virtual Manufacturing paradigms that use Virtual Reality(VR)technology to provide the integrated environment.l(1)2Design-centered VM：provide designers with the tools to design products that meet design criteria such as design for X.l(2)Production-cen
7、tered VM:provide the methods to develop and analyze alternative production and process plans.l(3)3Control-centered VM：allow the evaluation of product design,production plans,and control strategy and a means to iteratively improve all of them through the simulation of the control process.Text&Transla
8、tionl2.What is the Significance of VM lVM aims at providing an integrated environment for a number of isolated manufacturing technologies such as CAD,CAM,and CAPP,thus allowing multiple users to concurrently carry out all or some of these functions without the need for being physically close to each
9、 other.For example,a process planning engineer and a manufacturing engineer can evaluate and provide feedback to a product designer,who may be in another state or country.The design can be finally conceived by this means.Text&TranslationlAnother important contribution of VM is Virtual Enterprise(VE)
10、.Lin et al 1995 defined a Virtual Enterprise as“rapidly configured multi-disciplinary network of small,process specific firms configured to meet a window of opportunity to design and produce a specific product.”Using this technology,a group of people,or corporations can pool their expertise and reso
11、urces and capitalize a market opportunity,by sharing information in a VM environment.4The principal advantage of this technology is its ability to provide a multi-media environment,enhancing communication at all levels in a products life cycle.Text&Translationl3.Applications of VM lApplication of VM
12、 encompass the entire life cycle of a product.Reported developments include a virtual space decision support system by Imamura and Nomura 1994 at the Matsushita company in Japan.This system aimed to promote marketing and sales of kitchen furniture by allowing customers to personally experience a kit
13、chen environment and evaluate different choices,then select the best combination according to his or her own preferences.Their preferences are stored as drawings and subsequently transferred to the companys production facilities.Text&TranslationlOwen 1994 presented the work implemented at John Deere
14、 Companys production facility,which used Virtual Manufacturing for the installation of an arc welding production system.The project involved using a Virtual 3-D environment for design,evaluation,and testing of the robotic production system.Part of the work was carried out at John Deeres facility whi
15、le part of it was done by Genesis System and Technomatrix Technologies.The VM method is very useful in shortening the design-to-manufacturing cycle-time.Text&TranslationlDuPont 1994 presented an overview of Virtual Reality applications,and reported about Virtual prototyping being carried out at the
16、Coventry School of Art and Design.These virtual prototypes are constructed in a computer at the beginning of the design process and allow the designer to perform tests on the virtual prototype such as a car beforehand,by walking around or through the design,examine its performance on a virtual road,
17、sit in the drivers seat,and check view lines,etc.5 Also reported were VM applications such as the virtual concurrent design and assembly of a landing gear,and simulation of side-impact collision to test vehicle safety.Text&TranslationlKim et al.1994 also reported VR applications including the use of
18、 VM by designers at Boeing Aircraft Company for the ergonomic evaluation of their airplane designs for operation as well as maintenance.Another study used a VM environment to train robots.An operators movements were recognized,interpreted and stored in the form of robotic movement commands.Shenai de
19、scribed the Virtual Wafer Fabrication(VWF)infrastructure which provided a framework for the optimization of key process and design variables in the development of application specific semi-conductor devices.Other application areas discussed in Larijani 1994 include machine-vision applications for di
20、agnosis,fault detection,inspection and preventive maintenance,safety and maintenance training,ergonomic analysis.For example,new cab or shovel configurations for each Caterpillar moving equipment are tested by real drivers for possible imbalances while handling virtual bulldozers and trucks.Text&Tra
21、nslationl1.什么是虚拟制造技术什么是虚拟制造技术l虚拟制造是人们使用的一种高度集成化的、虚拟的生产环境，其目的是为了增强制造业的各种决策和控制能力。在现实生活中，人们把虚拟制造技术描述成一个可存在或可不存在的实际生产机构模拟的模型。该模型包含了所有与生产过程、生产过程控制管理和产品详细数据有关的信息；同时它也可能包含部分实际上存在或不存在的有关生产企业的信息。虚拟制造技术通过使用计算机模型来模拟生产过程，以达到在产品设计与制造上有所帮助的目的。Text&Translationl(1)以设计为中心的虚拟制造。该技术的特点是向设计者提供适当的工具来设计不同的产品。l(2)以生产为中心的虚
22、拟制造。该技术的特点是向生产决策者提供一定的方法来分析、研究待选择的生产加工计划。l(3)以控制为中心的虚拟制造。该技术的特点是允许生产设计管理人员对产品设计、生产计划和控制决策进行评估，同时也允许生产设计管理人员采用对控制过程进行模拟的方法对产品设计、生产计划和控制决策进行不断的改进。Text&Translationl2.虚拟制造技术的意义虚拟制造技术的意义 l虚拟制造技术的目的是向许多独立的制造技术提供一个集成环境。如CAD、CAM、CAPP。在这个虚拟制造的集成环境中，有多种应用目的的用户无须将上述各技术紧密结合，就可完成部分甚至所有的任务。例如，一个生产过程的计划工程师和一个制造工程师
23、能够对生产过程进行评估，并且可以将评估的结果反馈给住在异地的产品设计工程师，由他对产品进行改进设计。Text&Translationl虚拟制造技术的另外一个重要贡献是虚拟企业。1995 年Lin et al.把虚拟企业定义成快速构造的小型专业公司的多学科联合。构造该企业的目的是完成某种专门产品的设计和生产。通过分享虚拟制造环境中的信息资源，许多人和公司借助该技术可共享它们之间的相关技术、资源和有利的市场机会。因此，虚拟制造技术的主要优点是能够向用户提供一个拥有多种媒体的虚拟环境，加强了产品循环周期各个层次的信息交流。Text&Translationl3.虚拟制造技术的应用虚拟制造技术的应用 l
24、在实际应用过程中，虚拟制造技术往往贯穿产品的整个生命周期。比如，1994 年日本 Matsushita 公司的Imamura 和 Nomura 的一项研究成果中就包括了一个可视化的空间决策系统。该系统主要应用于厨具销售领域。它首先允许顾客去感受某种厨房环境，然后由顾客对这些厨具进行比较，最后根据他们自己的喜好选择出最好的组合。当然，这些顾客的喜好会被记录起来，然后反馈给公司的生产机构。Text&TranslationlOwen 在1994 年向公众介绍了John Deere 公司生产部门所完成的一项研究成果，该成果利用虚拟制造技术实现了某种生产系统的安装过程。该项成果包括运用虚拟三维技术来设计
25、、评估和测试机器人生产系统。在这项成果的研制过程中，有一些工作由John Deere 公司完成的，而另外一些工作由 Genesis 系统和达能思科技公司完成。此项虚拟制造技术的运用对于缩短该产品的设计生产周期起了一定的作用。Text&Translationl1994 年 DuPont 对虚拟现实技术的应用做了总的介绍，同时他也对英国的 Coventry 艺术与设计学院完成的虚拟样机进行了报道。这些虚拟样机刚开始是在计算机中构造完成的，这使得设计者可以在计算机上预先对它们(例如汽车)进行一些方面的测试。通过在计算机上运行这些虚拟样机，设计者可以对汽车在虚拟道路上的行驶性能、驾驶员坐在驾驶室的舒适
26、程度及其开车时的视野状况等方面做一定的测试和检查。另外，虚拟制造技术还可应用在虚拟并行设计、飞机起落架的虚拟装配和检测汽车碰撞性能的仿真等方面。Text&TranslationlKimetal 在1994 年也报道了一些虚拟现实技术运用的实例，其中包括波音飞机公司的设计师们利用虚拟制造技术对所设计的飞机在操作和维护方面所做的一些有关飞机对环境影响方面的评估。另一个有关虚拟现实技术的运用实例是利用虚拟制造技术的环境训练机器人，即以机器人运动指令的形式对其操作者的行为进行识别、解释并最终储存起来。Shenai 描述了虚拟制造技术在胶片结构制作方面的应用(该技术被称为虚拟胶片构造技术)。该技术为特殊
27、半导体在研制过程中的主要工艺和设计变量的优化提供了一定的方法。1994 年 Larijani 还介绍了其他有关虚拟制造技术应用方面的实例，主要包括虚拟可视化技术在机器的故障诊断、故障检测、检查预防性维护、安全和维护培训及环境分析设计方面的应用。比如，Caterpillar 公司的每一辆汽车和推土机均由实际驾驶人员通过在计算机上操作虚拟推土机和汽车，来检测它们在实际运行过程中可能出现的不平衡的问题。Complex Sentence Analysisl1 Virtual manufacturing(VM)is an integrated,synthetic manufacturing enviro
28、nment exercised to enhance all levels of decision and control in a manufacturing enterprise.虚拟制造是人们使用的一种高度集成化的、虚拟的生产环境，其目的是为了增强制造业的各种决策和控制能力。lExercised：运用的，使用的，做后置定语，修饰environment.Complex Sentence Analysisl2 Design-centered VM：provide designers with the tools to design products that meet design crit
29、eria such as design for X.以设计为中心的虚拟制造。该技术的特点是向设计者提供适当的工具来设计不同的产品。l to design products that meet design criteria such as design for X 动词不定式短语做定语修饰toolsl provide A with B provide B for A：把B提供给A.Complex Sentence Analysisl3 The principal advantage of this technology is its ability to provide a multi-med
30、ia environment,enhancing communication at all levels in a products life cycle.因此，虚拟制造技术的主要优点是能够向用户提供一个拥有多种媒体的虚拟环境，加强了产品循环周期各个层次的信息交流。l to provide a multi-media environment：做定语修饰前面的abilityl enhancing communication at all levels in a products life cycle：现在分词短语做目的状语.Complex Sentence Analysisl4 Also rep
31、orted were VM applications such as the virtual concurrent design and assembly of a landing gear,and simulation of side-impact collision to test vehicle safety.另外，虚拟制造技术还可应用在虚拟并行设计、飞机起落架的虚拟装配和检测汽车碰撞性能的仿真等方面。l该句由于副词also 提前，采用了倒装句式。其真正主语是VM applications，采用该句式的目的是使句子结构紧凑.Key to Exercisesl.Translate the
32、following phrases into Chinese or English.l1.虚拟制造技术puter modell3.以生产为中心的虚拟制造l4.control strategyl5.集成环境l6.virtual enterprisel7.产品的整个生命周期l8.production systeml9.虚拟现实技术的应用l10.fault detectionKey to Exercisesl.Mark the following statements with True(T)or False(F)according to the text.l1.Tl2.Fl3.Fl4.Tl5.TK
33、ey to Exercisesl.Fill in the blanks with the suitable words or phrases given below.l1.capabilityl2.prototypesl3.resort tol4.displayedl5.performancel6.implementingKey to Exercisesl.Translate the Chinese parts given in the brackets into English.l1.aid in design and production of manufactured productsl2.by sharing information in a VM environmentl3.include a virtual space decision support systeml4.testing of the robotic production systeml5.Another study used a VM environment to train robotslThe end!
