1、（一）You have probably just discovered that1、_（identify） the genre of psalms is not as simple as it sounds.2、_(Depend) on our experience, we might think of psalms as music used in worship 3、_on a CD 4、_which the Latin words are lost in magnificent Gregorian chant.Or we might think of a psalm as one of
2、 those Bible passages read in church or synagogue like any other lesson or possibly as a more interesting 5、_than usual because this one is sometimes read antiphonallyby6、_ whole congregation or by different groups in it.Or we might think of psalms as prayers from the Bible used in private prayer. T
3、here are 7、_possibilities too,but these are the big three: psalms are worship songs,Bible readingsand prayers, 8、_if you look it up in a dictionary you will find that the standard definition of a psalm is a9、_(sacre) song or hymn, which only 10、_cover the first of these.（二）See my liturgical reconstr
4、uction, which is, of course,just a bit of fun,but there is no1、_that Psalm 24 opens a window 2、_some kind of liturgy involving a procession. The problem is, however,that although this psalm is clearly one giving words for worship it comes 3、_any rubrics.There is nothing to tell us the occasion4、_whi
5、ch this psalm is to be used; nothing about which actions are 5、_( accompany) it or which it is6、_( accompany); nothing about how the King of glory is represented in this liturgy 7、_nothing about how many and whose voices are involved. Another good example of this common puzzle of words without rubri
6、cs is those psalms in which there is a sudden change of tone.What happened, for example, between verses 29 and 30 of Psalm 69? Was there a big liturgical moment,_8、_ a sacrifice? Did someone preach a sermon, a prophet give 9、_oracle, or someone offer a testimony of some kind? Did a priest pronounce
7、a blessing? Was there a piece of liturgical drama or a musical interlude? 10、_(be)there specific prayers? We can only speculate.（三）Looking at Psalm 24 I can see something1、_each of Smarts headings, so the psalm opens a window too2、 _the religion of ancient Israel.Then, there is the other title and i
8、ts number: Psalm 24.That reminds me 3、_this individual psalm is part of a collection (Psalms), 4、_is itself included in a larger collection we know 5、_the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. At the very least that inclusion gives everything in the psalm an official status. Because Psalms is 6、_authorized or
9、 canonical text, its anonymous voices raised 7、_praise or protest now speak in the name of the community; its images and metaphors now receive official sanction; its religious, moral and theological understandings are now torah, that is teaching, 8、_(guide)and instruction, to be learned and lived, 9
10、、_the introduction to this official anthology (Ps.1) makes clear.Reading psalms10、_(require)that we are alert to all of these possibilities.（四）The Vulgate is the Latin translation of the Bible 1、_(complete)by Jerome in AD 405.It 2、_(replaced)3、_ older Latin version and took careful note of the Hebre
11、w as well as the Septuagint 4、_other Greek translations.5、_, just as the BCP of 1662 retained the older translation of the psalms by Coverdale rather than use the one from the AV of 1611, 6、_the version of psalms in the Vulgate is not Jeromes but an older Latin version known 7、_the Gallican Psalter.
12、 This was heavily dependent on the Septuagint rather 8、_the Hebrew Bible and so is of little independent value in establishing the 9、_(mean)of the Hebrew text. The version used here is available online 10、_http:/www.latinvulgate. com. See Vulgateby Parker in ABD.（五）Targums are1、_(explain), 2、_(sum)a
13、nd translations of the Hebrew Bible, 3、_exist in a variety of versions, some 4、_(go)back to 5、_second century BC. They appear to 6、_(be)primarily educational in their purpose,almost like a commentary, and are structured to be read alongside the Hebrew Bible version of 7、_passage. The version used he
14、re is the translation of the Psalms Targum 8、_E.M. Cook 9、_(produce)by the International Organization for Targumic Studies,available online 10、_the Newsletter for Targumic and Cognate Studies. See (Targum, Targumimby Alexander in ABD.(一)1、 identifying2、 Depending3、 or4、 in5、 one6、 the7、 other8、 thou
15、gh9、 sacred10、 covers（二）1、doubt2、onto3、without4、on5、to accompany6、to accompany7、and8、like9、an10、Were（三）1、on 2、onto 3、that 4、which 5、as 6、an 7、in 8、guidance 9、as 10、requires（四）1、completed 2、replaced 3、an 4、and 5、However 6、so 7、as 8、than 9、meaning 10、at（五）1、explanations2、summaries3、which4、going5、the6、have been7、each8、by9、produced10、from
