1、1.This illness causes severe diarrhea,dehydration,and even death.severe adj.extremely bad or serious 极为恶劣的极为恶劣的;十分严十分严重的重的 punishing sb.in an extreme way when they break a particular set of rules 严厉的严厉的;重的重的 not kind or sympathetic and showing disapproval of sb./sth.严厉的严厉的;苛刻的苛刻的e.g.His injuries are
2、 severe.severe weather conditions The courts are becoming more severe on young offenders.She was a severe woman who seldom smiled.【常用搭配常用搭配】be severe on/with 对对严厉严厉be severe with oneself 严于律己严于律己severely adv.很严重地很严重地;极为恶劣地极为恶劣地【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)He _ his children.他对子女很严格。他对子女很严格。2)You are too _ t
3、he boy.你对那个男孩太严厉了。你对那个男孩太严厉了。3)我感到胸口剧烈疼痛。我感到胸口剧烈疼痛。_ is severe withsevere on(upon)I felt a severe pain in the chest.2.In the early 19th century,when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease.die from:die owing to 死于死于die away(声音、风或光声音、风或光)逐渐消失逐渐消失die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息逐渐
4、变弱；逐渐平息die of 因因而死而死die out 灭绝；消失灭绝；消失by dying for/to do sth.渴望得到某物渴望得到某物/做某事做某事 die of,die from词条词条相同点相同点含义含义例子例子die of“死于疾死于疾病病”既可既可用用die of,也可用也可用die from表示。表示。死于死于(疾病、疾病、过度悲伤等内过度悲伤等内部原因部原因)die of illness/hunger/starvation/cold,etcdie from死于死于(某种外某种外部原因部原因)die from an earthquake/a traffic acciden
5、t/drinking,etc.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)In 2020,many species of animals _(死于死于)the forest fire in Australia.2)It is well known that smoking does harm to health.A lot of people _(死于死于)lung cancer and heart disease due to smoking.died from die of3.In general,doctors in those days had two contradictory th
6、eories to explain how cholera spread.contradictory adj.containing or showing a contradiction 互相互相矛盾的；互相对立的矛盾的；互相对立的 be contradictory to 与与矛盾、矛盾、相反相反 e.g.His remark was contradictory to the truth.contradict v.反驳反驳;与与相矛盾相矛盾contradiction n.抵触抵触;矛盾矛盾;矛盾的矛盾的说法说法Dont contradict!别顶嘴别顶嘴in direct contradicti
7、on to 与与恰恰相反恰恰相反【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)But the information I got was rich and varied,or even _.但我得到但我得到 的信息丰富多样，甚至相互矛盾。的信息丰富多样，甚至相互矛盾。2)People found this sort of _(contradict)reality to accept.人们觉得这矛盾的现实难以接受。人们觉得这矛盾的现实难以接受。3)He kept _ when we were arguing I think he was a bit confused.当我们争论的时候他为断自相矛当
8、我们争论的时候他为断自相矛盾盾我认为他有点困惑了。我认为他有点困惑了。4)Your attitude is in contradiction_ your character.你的态度和你的性格相矛盾。你的态度和你的性格相矛盾。contradictorycontradictorycontradicting himselfto4.Snow subscribed to the second theory.subscribe v.to agree to buy or pay for shares 认购认购(股份股份)to pay an amount of money regularly in orde
9、r to receive or use sth.定期订购定期订购 to pay money regularly to be a member of an organization or to help its work 定期定期缴纳缴纳(会会费费);定期捐款定期捐款赞助赞助 e.g.Each employee may subscribe for up to2,000 worth of shares.You can subscribe to the magazine for as little as$32 a year.She subscribes to an environmental act
10、ion group.subscriber n.订阅人；定期捐款者；消费者订阅人；定期捐款者；消费者a subscriber to 的订阅者的订阅者subscription n.订阅；订阅费；定期捐款订阅；订阅费；定期捐款an annual subscription 一年期订阅一年期订阅take out a subscription 办理订阅办理订阅cancel/renew a subscription 退订退订/续订续订subscribe to 同意同意,赞成赞成subscribe to a magazine 订阅杂志订阅杂志subscribe to a view 赞同一个观点赞同一个观点su
11、bscribe to a theory 赞同一个理论赞同一个理论【常用搭配常用搭配】【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)He _the view that children benefit from being independent.他赞同孩子们能从独立中获益这一观点。他赞同孩子们能从独立中获益这一观点。2)Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual _(subscribe)in America,usually$8 to$10 a year.在在19世纪世纪30年代以前，美国的大多数报纸都是通过年度订阅来销售的，
12、年代以前，美国的大多数报纸都是通过年度订阅来销售的，通常是一年通常是一年8到到10美元。美元。3)All scientists subscribe _ the view that the increase in the earths temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels.所有的所有的科学家都同意这样的观点，即地球温度的升高是化石燃料的燃烧科学家都同意这样的观点，即地球温度的升高是化石燃料的燃烧导致的。导致的。subscribes to subscriptionsto5.Snow suspected that the water pu
13、mp was to blame.suspect v.to have an idea that sth.is probably true or likely to happen,especially sth.bad,but without having definite proof 疑有疑有,觉得觉得(尤指坏事可能属实或发尤指坏事可能属实或发生生)to have an idea that sb.is guilty of sth.,without having definite proof 怀疑怀疑(某人有罪某人有罪)to be suspicious about sth.;to not trust
14、 sth.怀疑怀疑;感觉有问题感觉有问题;不信任不信任suspect sb.of doing sth.怀疑某人做某事怀疑某人做某事e.g.I have no reason to suspect her honesty.Pilcher is suspected of giving false information.Who will suspect him to have broken the window?I began to suspect that they were trying to get rid of me.n.a person who is suspected of a crim
15、e or of having done sth.wrong 嫌疑嫌疑犯犯;嫌嫌疑分子疑分子;可疑对象可疑对象e.g.He is the prime suspect in the case.suspicion n.怀疑怀疑suspicious adj.感觉可疑的感觉可疑的常用常用“vt.+sb.+of sth.”短语短语warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事警告某人某事accuse sb.of sth.控告某人某事控告某人某事cure sb.of sth.给某人治愈某病；改正给某人治愈某病；改正(某人的不良行为某人的不良行为)inform sb.of sth.告知某人某事告知某人某事conv
16、ince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事使某人相信某事remind sb.of sth.使某人回想起某事使某人回想起某事【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)The police _drugs so they went through his bag,but found nothing.警察怀疑他携带警察怀疑他携带毒品，因此搜查了他的包，但什么也没发现。毒品，因此搜查了他的包，但什么也没发现。2)We are appealing to anyone who saw the _ contact us.我们恳请任何人看到犯罪嫌疑人后与我们联系。我们恳请任何人看到犯罪嫌疑人后与我们联系。3
17、)The photos remind me _ the old days which we spent together.这些照片让我想起了我们一起度过的旧时光。这些照片让我想起了我们一起度过的旧时光。suspected him of carryingsuspect toofblame v.to say or think that someone or something is responsible for something bad 责备责备;指指责责;把把归归咎于咎于n.responsibility for doing sth.badly or wrongly;saying that s
18、b.is responsible for sth.责任责任;责责备备;指责指责blame sb.for(doing)sth.因因(做做)某事而责备某人某事而责备某人blame sth.on sb.把某事归咎于某人把某事归咎于某人be to blame 应承担责任；该受责备应承担责任；该受责备be to blame for 应承担应承担的责任；因的责任；因该受责备该受责备accept/bear/take blame for 对某事负责；承担责任对某事负责；承担责任put/lay the blame for sth.on sb.把某事的责任推到某人身上把某事的责任推到某人身上【常用搭配常用搭配】e
19、.g.Marie still blames herself for Patricks death.You cant blame all your problems on your family.Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire.The police laid/put the blame for the accident on the driver.The company is ready to bear/take/accept/get the blame for what has h
20、appened.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子完成句子。1)如果你误了火车，不要怪我。如果你误了火车，不要怪我。Dont _ if you miss the train.2)他们把失败归咎于乔治。他们把失败归咎于乔治。They _ for the failure _ George.3)医院正在调查事故的责任人是谁。医院正在调查事故的责任人是谁。The hospital is investigating to find out _ for the accident.blame me laid/put the blame who is to blame onwas to blame 不定式的主动形式
21、表示被动的含义不定式的主动形式表示被动的含义(1)n.+be+adj.+to do这个结构中常用表特征或性质的形容词，如这个结构中常用表特征或性质的形容词，如difficult,hard,easy,comfortable,pleasant,interesting,exciting等。句子等。句子的主语与不定式是被动关系，形容词表示主语的特征或的主语与不定式是被动关系，形容词表示主语的特征或性质，用不定式的主动形式表被动意义。性质，用不定式的主动形式表被动意义。e.g.The question was very difficult to answer.(2)n.+be+too+adj.+to d
22、oe.g.The thing is too small to see.(3)n.+be+adj.+enough to doe.g.The box is light enough to carry.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)The expert said that the polluted air _ for this disease.这位专家说污染的空气是这种疾病的罪魁祸首。这位专家说污染的空气是这种疾病的罪魁祸首。2)Modern methods of/for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only s
23、ince the mid-1980s,and are expensive _(perform)consistently over a large area.自自20世纪世纪80年代中期以来，才采用追踪北极熊种群的现代方法，而且在年代中期以来，才采用追踪北极熊种群的现代方法，而且在一个大区域内持续进行，花费是巨大的。一个大区域内持续进行，花费是巨大的。3)todays homework was easy _(do),so Mike finished it quickly and went out to play.今天的家庭作业很容易做，所以今天的家庭作业很容易做，所以迈克很快就做完了，然后出去玩
24、了。迈克很快就做完了，然后出去玩了。was to blameto performto do6.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.have sth.done 结构结构so.that 引导结果状语从句引导结果状语从句It seemed that “看来看来”,”,that引导表语从句引导表语从句7.Accordingly,he had the handle of the pump removed so that
25、 it could not be used.handle n.the part of a door that you use for opening it 把手把手the part of an object that you use for holding it 柄柄e.g.turn the handle the handle of a knifev.to deal with a situation,a person,an area of work or a strong emotion 处理处理,应付应付(局势、人、工作或感情局势、人、工作或感情)to touch,hold or move
26、sth.with your hands 触触,拿拿,搬动搬动to control a vehicle,an animal,a tool,etc 控制控制,操纵操纵(车辆、车辆、动物、工具等动物、工具等)e.g.Shes very good at handling her patients.The label on the box said:Fragile.Handle with care.I wasnt sure if I could handle such a powerful car.handle sth.well/perfectly/badly/poorly 处理某事好处理某事好/完美完
27、美/不好不好/很差很差handle a problem 处理问题处理问题handle difficult customers 应付难对付的顾客应付难对付的顾客handle the situation well 很好地应对局势很好地应对局势【常用搭配常用搭配】【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)The public never had faith in his ability _(handle)the job.公众从来不相信他有能力胜任这一职位。公众从来不相信他有能力胜任这一职位。2)We got into trouble because none of us knew how _(ha
28、ndle)the machine.我们遇到了麻烦，因为我我们遇到了麻烦，因为我们都不知道如何操作这台机器。们都不知道如何操作这台机器。to handle to handlehave sth.done 使某事被使某事被(可能是主语自己做，也可能是可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做让别人做);(主语主语)遭遇遭遇/经历某种不幸的事经历某种不幸的事have sth.done 结构中，过去分词作宾补。用过去分词作宾结构中，过去分词作宾补。用过去分词作宾补表示被动或动作已经完成。补表示被动或动作已经完成。have sth.done 可表四种不同的意义：可表四种不同的意义：(1)(主语主语)请请/派别人完
29、成某事；派别人完成某事；(2)(主语主语)完成某事完成某事(可能参与可能参与)；(3)(主语主语)遭受某种不幸的情况；遭受某种不幸的情况；(4)用于否定句中，表示用于否定句中，表示“不允许不允许”“”“不让不让”have sb.to sth.=get sb.to do sth.使某人去做某事使某人去做某事have sb.doing sth.使某人做某事使某人做某事(动作延续动作延续)【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph _(take).我需要一个新护照，所以我我需要一个新
30、护照，所以我得去让人给我照相。得去让人给我照相。2)Youd better have the old furniture _(remove)out of the room.你最好找人把这些旧家具从房间里搬出去。你最好找人把这些旧家具从房间里搬出去。takenremoved8.The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste.infect v.to make a disease or an illness spread to a person,an animal or a plan
31、t 传染传染;使感染使感染 to make sb.share a particular feeling 使感染使感染(某种感情某种感情);影响影响 e.g.People with the virus may feel perfectly well,but they can still infect others.Lucys enthusiasm soon infected the rest of the class.be infected with 感染上感染上,传染上传染上【常用搭配常用搭配】infection n.感染感染;传染传染infectious adj.传染性的传染性的9.More
32、over,Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.link n.a connection between two or more people or things 联系联系;连接连接 a relationship between two or more people,countries or organizations 关系关系;纽带纽带 e.g.We first cut the link between the t
33、wo cities.Is there a link between smoking and the disease?This company has strong trade links with Justins company.link v.to make a physical or electronic connection between one object,machine,place,etc.and another 把把连接连接起来起来 to links two things,facts or situations,or they are linked,they are connec
34、ted in some way 联系联系;相关联相关联 e.g.The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.I have heard his name linked with that of a well-known person.【语境应用语境应用】写出写出下面句子中画线部分的词性及中文释义。下面句子中画线部分的词性及中文释义。1)The road links all the new towns._ _ 2)For elderly people,TV is an important link with the outside wor
35、ld._ _名词名词 纽带纽带 动词动词 将将连接起来连接起来10.and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.decrease v.to become less or go down to a lower level,or to make something do this (使使)变小变小,(使使)减少减少 【常用搭配常用搭配】decrease(from)to 减少到减少到 decrease by 减少了减少了(表示表示减少的减少的量量)decease in 在在方面减少方面减少n.the pr
36、ocess of becoming less,or the amount by which something becomes less 减少减少;减少的量减少的量【常用搭配常用搭配】a decrease in 的减少的减少 on the decrease 在减少在减少e.g.The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.Average house prices decreased by 13%last year.This species of bird is decreasing in numbers every
37、 year.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)The number of the students in our school has decreased _ 1600 this year.今年我们学校的学生数量下降到了今年我们学校的学生数量下降到了1600人。人。2)It is said that the prices of vegetables have increased _ about 4%recently.据说最近蔬菜价格增长了约据说最近蔬菜价格增长了约4%。toby11.fortunately,we now know how to prevent cholera,than
38、ks to the work of John Snow.thanks to with the help of;because of 幸亏幸亏，由于，由于 e.g.Thanks to your help,we succeededIt was all a great success thanks to a lot of hard work.thanks to,owing to,due to,because of词条词条用法用法常作成分常作成分thanks to“多亏多亏”，多放在句首，用来表达，多放在句首，用来表达正面意思正面意思(接近于原意接近于原意“感谢感谢”)，偶用于讽刺口吻。偶用于讽刺口吻
39、。作状语作状语owing to“由于、因为由于、因为”，可置于句首或，可置于句首或句末。句末。常作状语、表常作状语、表语语due to表示原因，可与表示原因，可与owing to 互换互换常作表语、状常作表语、状语或定语语或定语because of着重某个结果的原因着重某个结果的原因常作状语常作状语【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)_ the Beatles,a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market.多亏了甲壳虫乐队，多亏了甲壳虫乐队，许多机会向市场上的新面孔敞开了大门。许多机会向市场上的新面孔敞
40、开了大门。2)It was _ their help that a disaster was avoided.正是因为他们的帮助，才避免了一场灾难。正是因为他们的帮助，才避免了一场灾难。Thanks to because of12.Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.transform v.to completely change the appearance,form,or character of something or someone,especially in a way that improves it 使改观使改观
41、,使变形使变形,使使转化转化 【常用搭配常用搭配】transform (from)into 把把变成变成 transform with 用用来改变来改变 e.g.This equipment can transform light into energy.We can transform the world with our knowledge.transformation n.改变、转化改变、转化(不可数不可数);具体变化具体变化(可数可数)transformable adj.可变形的；可变化的可变形的；可变化的transformer n.促使改变的人或物；变压器促使改变的人或物；变压器【语
42、境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)Well,youve certainly _(改变了这改变了这个村子个村子)it looks great!2)In several decades,my hometown has been _ _(变成了变成了)a major industrial city.3)Its said that the shape of such a toy _ (是是可变形的可变形的).4)His attitude to life has gone through a(n)_(改变改变).transformation transformed this village tra
43、nsformedintois transformablethe way+定语从句定语从句way作作“方式，方法方式，方法”讲，后接定语从句。讲，后接定语从句。(1)关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用关系词在从句中作状语时，关系词用that,in which或省略。或省略。e.g.The way(that/in which)he did it attracted me.(2)关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词用关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词用that或或which(作宾语时关系词可省略作宾语时关系词可省略)。e.g.I did it in the way(that/which)you to
44、ld me.【语境应用语境应用】完成句子。完成句子。1)its surprising how much simple movements of the body can affect the way _ we think.令人惊讶的是，令人惊讶的是，这么简单的身体运动会影响我们的思考方式。这么简单的身体运动会影响我们的思考方式。2)Even on TV and the radio you will hear differences in _.即使在电视和收音机里，你也即使在电视和收音机里，你也会听到人们说话方式的差异。会听到人们说话方式的差异。the way people speak that/in which
