1、英汉翻译英汉翻译1 lIntroduction to Introduction to E-C TranslationE-C Translationl翻译概论 2 l1.Brief history of translation;l2.Definition of translation;l3.Categories of translation;l4.Qualifications for translators;l5.Importance of Doing Translation.3 l1)Translation in the westl第一个翻译高潮是在公元前第一个翻译高潮是在公元前3世纪中叶。世
2、纪中叶。l第二个翻译高潮是在公元4世纪至6世纪之间。l第三个翻译高潮是在公元11世纪至12世纪之间。l第四个翻译高潮是在公元14世纪至16世纪的欧洲文艺复兴时期。l第五个翻译高潮是在第二次世界大战结束以来的翻译活动。4 l中国历史上出现过三次翻译高潮：l第一次:东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译；l第二次:明末清初的科技翻译;l第三次:鸦片战争至“五四”的西学翻译。5 l Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.6 lProverb
3、s are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk,the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants,from beggars as from elegantes.7 l“谚语是通俗话语，它使得如此多的拉丁美洲人的谈话生动活泼，是凝聚的智慧，从教授到农民，从乞丐到摩登女郎，你都很容易听到。”8 l“谚语是凝聚着智慧的通俗话语，它使得拉丁美洲人的言谈常常显得那么生动活泼。上至大学教授下到田野农夫，
4、也从市井乞丐再到摩登女郎，大家都在使用谚语。”9 l“Translation is a language activity to render the meaning of a text into another language,and it includes such a process of gradually understanding the original deeply and gradual perfection of expressing the implications of the original.”10 l1)According to the nature of th
5、e two language codes,lA.intralingual translation(语内翻译)lB.interlingual translation(语际翻译)lC.intersemiotic translation（语符翻译）11 l2)According to the nature of main body of translation.lA.human translation lB.machine translation.12 l3)According to implements and finished products of translation,lA.oral tr
6、anslationlB.written translation13 l4)According to the nature of translating materials,lA.literary translation(文学翻译)lB.pragmatic translation(实用翻译).14 l1.Translating and editingl2.Adaptation(free translation)l3.Transplantingl4.Translating and setting to voice and musicl5.Condensed translationl6.Abstra
7、cted translation15 l1)Having a good command of Englishl(Just)imagine(it).l(不可能/想不到/真没想到)l Ill buy it.l(slang:I cant understand it,please tell me)l Youre telling me.l(slang:I know that very well/I knew that long ago.)16 lHenry Kissinger had slept there before,in July and again in October.l 这之前，亨利基辛格在
8、7月和10月两度在这儿下榻下榻。17 lJohn can be relied on,he eats no fish and plays the game.lThe Security Council has been seized of the question since then.l(受理)lNyaungu was actually the boundary between the two Japanese divisions.l（集合部）18 lThe enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.lThe pe
9、asants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other.lthe peasant uprisings in the history of China 19 lTranslation techniques are the summary of former translators personal experience which is very usef
10、ul and valuable for us to do translation.It helps us out of the hard process of blind exploration while translating.But it is not a panacea(magic drug).It is necessary for us to do a lot of translation practice in order to improve our translating ability.20 l 翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译 者（据LG凯里1979）。季羡
11、林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国共产党和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。中国加入WTO后，翻译的重要作用就更是不可忽视。经济竞争是在交际中进行，而没有翻译在场，交际就很难进行，交际不成，生意就做不成。因此，翻译的作用，再怎么强调也不过分。21 l1、翻译论集，罗新章编，商务印书馆，1984.5l2、中国翻译教学研究，穆雷编著，上海外语教育出版社，1999。12l3、英汉翻译概要，解梅玲编著，南
12、开大学出版社，1995.9l4、实用翻译教程，范仲英编著，外语教学与研究出版社，1994.622 l5、英汉互译教程（上、下册），杨莉藜编著，河南大学出版社，1993.6l6、中国翻译简史，马祖毅著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.6l7、文体与翻译，刘宓庆著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.8l8、英汉翻译津指，陈胜保编著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.623 l9、Textbook of Translation,Peter Newmark,Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.4l10、In Another Words:A Cour
13、sebook on Translation,Mona Baker,Routledge,2000.8l11、Translating As A Purposeful Activity,Christiane Nord,Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.424 l12、翻译多元论，周方珠 著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2004.5l13、新编奈达论翻译，谭载喜 编著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1999.10l14、西方翻译理论流派研究，李文革 著，中国社会科学出版社，2004.825 l15、翻译教学：实务与理论，刘宓庆 著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2
14、003.1l16、语篇翻译引论，李运兴 著，中国对外翻译出版公司，2001.1l17、汉英对比翻译导论，邵志洪 著，华东理工大学出版社，2005.3l18、文化与翻译，郭建中 编，中国对外翻译出版公司，2000.126 l19、等效翻译探索，金堤 著，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998.7l20、英汉辞格比较与唐诗英译散论，卢炳群 著，青岛出版社，2003.11l21、译介学谢天振著 上海外语教育出版社l22、翻译理论与翻译教学法加拿大 让。德利尔著，国际文化出版公司）27 l23、上海外语教育出版社的国外翻译研究丛书20种l24、北京外语教学与研究出版社的国外翻译研究丛书20种l25、翻译实践类
15、教材28 l问题讨论问题讨论 l1、我国翻译事业的历史有多久？我国古代三大佛经翻译家是谁？l2、玄奘对我国翻译事业有何贡献？l3、我国历史上出现过哪几大翻译高潮？分别有哪些特点？l4、什么是翻译？有哪些分类？l5、如何才能成为一个合格翻译工作者？l6、学习翻译的重要性。29 lThe End to the First Lecture in E-C TranslationlThank You!30 l 翻译标准与过程翻译标准与过程lT r a n s l a t i o n T r a n s l a t i o n Criterion&ProcessCriterion&Process31 lT
16、ranslation criterion is not only the principle to guide the translation practice but also the important measurement of translation criticism.32 l1.Yan Fus faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance l2.Lu Xuns faithfulness and smoothness l3.Fu Leis spiritual likenessl4.Qian Zhongshus sublimity(perfecti
17、on)l5.Mao Duns artistic creative translationl“Faithfulness and Smoothness”is our criterion of translation teaching.33 l1.Tytlers three principles of translation:l1)The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.l2)The style and manner of translated version should
18、 be of the same character with that of the original.l3)The translation should have all the ease of original composition.34 l2.Eugene A.Nidas Dynamic Equivalence35 Deep Structure语义对应Surface StructureSource Language 原语（SL）Surface Structure Receptor Language 译语（TL）理解 表达 36 l1)Comprehension of linguisti
19、c levellLets look at some examples:l（1）The police went out in force to control the crowd.l译文1：警察出动武力去控制人群。l译文2：警察大批出动去控制人群。37 l（2）On the walls were the posters proclaiming the goals of the New Society,the need for discipline,increased production.l （原译）墙上满是宣扬新社会目标的广告：加强纪律啦，增加生产啦。l （改译）墙上都是宣传画：新社会的目标啦
20、、加强纪律啦、增产成绩啦。38 l（3）Bright clouds of maylShade half the pond.l五月行云明丽l池塘浮影半掩。39 l（1）a legacy the Professor had left to me,of inestimable value,which could not buy,with which we cannot part.l 原译：这也是教授留给我的一份遗产。这份遗产价值连城，我们无法购买。一旦得到，便永远不能分开。l 改译：这是教授留给我的一份无价之宝，它无法用金钱买到，可一旦得到它，便会终生受益。40 l（2）This fish whic
21、h is cheep but heavily contaminated has been forbidden to be sold.Many persons eating this fish died as a result of poison.l 这种鱼虽然便宜但受到严重污染，现已禁止出售。许多人因吃了这种鱼而中毒死亡。41 l（1）A moon is singing in the sky,l And a yellow dog lies in the flower.l The moon(a bird)is shinning in the sky.l And a yellow dog(a ty
22、pe of insect)lies under the flowers.l（2）John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.42 lLets look at the following two examples:l1)Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker.l表层：他们的口音不能愚弄本地人。l浅层：本地人是不会听不出他们是外乡人的。l深层：本地人一听他们的口音，便知道他们是外乡人。43 l2)John is tall like I am the Queen of Sheba.l表
23、层：约翰高得像我是西巴皇后。l浅层：约翰高得话，我就是西巴皇后。l 深层：要说约翰个头高，没那回事！44 l（1）Nothing could be done.l *.无事可以被做好.l （2）We saw an acrobat standing on his head.l *.我们看见一个杂技演员正站在他的头上.45 l（3）But I hated Sakamoto,and I had a feeling hed surely lead us both to our ancestors.l 但是，我恨坂本，并预感到他肯定会领着我们去见祖先去见祖先。l（4）Hitler was armed to
24、 the teeth when he launched the Second World War,but in a few years,he was completely defeated.46 l（1）Ruth was upsetting the other children,so I showed her the door.l （2）The mills of God grind slowly.l （3）Every miller draws water to his own mill.l （4）Too much water drowned the miller.47 Two purposes
25、 for proofreading:l1)Add what is missed;l2)Correct what is mistranslated 48 l1.Why do we need translation criterion?l2.How many typical translation criteria have been advanced by translation scholars both home and abroad?l3.How do you understand Yan Fus“faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance”?l4.W
26、hat is the translation process?l5.How can we understand the original text thoroughly?49 l6.How can you handle well the literal translation and free translation when translating?l7.What are purposes of proofreading in translation?50 lThe End of Lecture TwolThank You!51 l翻译的方法翻译的方法l(Major Translation(
27、Major Translation Approaches)Approaches)52 lIn the process of translation,literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration;a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas
28、and writing style of the original work,retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.53 lto show ones cards l(摊牌)lto be armed to the teeth l(武装到牙齿)lto shed crocodile tearsl(掉鳄鱼眼泪)lan eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth.l(以眼还眼,以牙还牙。)54 lray of
29、hopel（希望之光）lsunny smilel（灿烂的笑容）lcast a shadow overl（在笼罩上一层阴影）lhangs on a threadl（悬于一线）55 lHe is said to be a rough diamond.l据说他是一块浑金璞玉。lFor rewards for the Chinese people are clear,most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Bejing and he coastal cities.l中国人民获得的实惠显而易见，北京和沿海城市的勃勃生机和繁荣兴旺是最明显的见证。lMa
30、rriage,with peace,is this worlds paradise;with strife,this lifes purgatory.l和睦的婚姻，是这个世界的乐园；对抗的婚姻是这个人生的炼狱。56 lLiberal translation is supplementary to literal translation.Liberal translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original meaning instead of reproducing the original sentence str
31、ucture or rhetorical device.Only when the literal translation approach is not suitable,can the translator resort to the free translation approach.57 l1）Do you see any green in my eye?l你以为我是幼稚好欺负的吗？l 2）If you are unfair to me,I will certainly hang out all your dirty linen.l 你要是对我不公平，我就把你那些丑事都抖露出去。l 3
32、）It rains cats and dogs.l 大雨滂沱。l 4）It is not just Britains breathing in which makes it so international,but also its breathing out.l 英国之所以成为如此国际化的国家，不仅仅在于她大量地吸纳国外的人力和物力资源，而且还在于她大量地向国外输出其人力和物力资源。58 l1）Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid.l 再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。/罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不犯愁。（literal）l 再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家。/丑女不愁
33、嫁。（liberal）l2）A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.l 礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门钥匙。（literal）l 大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。(liberal)l3）What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!l 孵出来的是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡。（literal）l 生就是个女人就别想冒充男人。(liberal)59 l4）Hope is the poor mans bread.l 希望是穷人的面包。/穷人靠希望生活。l5）Today a man,to
34、morrow a mouse.l 今天是一个人，明天是一只鼠。/今天得志，明天落魄。l6）Experience is the mistress of fools.l 经验是愚人的主妇。/经验支使愚人。60 l1）Little fish does not eat big fish.l 小鱼吃不了大鱼（foreignization）l 胳膊拧不过大腿。(domestication)l2）One stone kills two birds.l 一块石头杀死两只鸟。（foreignization）l 一举两得。（domestication）61 l1)Our big bird can be fed e
35、ven at night.(France Airline)l 即使在夜间，我们也能给巨鸟喂食。l2)Kodak is Olympic color.(Ad for Kodak)l 柯达奥林匹克的色彩。l3)Light as a breeze,soft as a cloud.(Ad for clothes)l 轻如微风，柔似浮云。l4)Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.(Ad for Orange Juice)l 早餐无橘汁犹如日子无阳光。l5)Flowers speak from the heart.l 鲜
36、花吐衷肠。l6）Challenge the limits.l挑战极限。62 l7)Think again.Think Canon.(Canon Camera)l 梦寐以求是佳能。l8)All is well that ends well.(ad for a cigarette brand)l 烟蒂好，烟就好。l9)Good to the last drop.l 滴滴香浓，回味无穷。l10)Hide from risk and you hide from its rewards.(ad of Americans in business)l 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。63 l11)Where there
37、 is a will,there is a way.Where there is a way,there is Toyota.l 车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。l12)No problem too large.No business too small.l 没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意。l13)I remember the special look on your face the day you walked down the aisle.(a brand of wedding rings)l 你沿教堂走道去圣坛行婚礼那天，你脸上洋溢着特别的表情，我记忆犹新。l14)A diam
38、ond is forever.l 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传。l15)Whatever makes you happy.(Credit Suisse)l 为您设想周全，让您称心如意。64 l1）How are literal translation and liberal translation defined?l2)How are“foreignization”and“domestication”defined?l3)Why is the literal translation approach more commonly employed?l4)What do you think of the
39、 literal-plus-liberal approach?l5)Whats the difference between literal translation and foreignization?65 lTranslation Unit and Translation Unit and Discourse AnalysisDiscourse Analysisl翻译单位与语篇分析66 lMany translation theorists defined the unit of translation in their own ways.For instance,Vinay and Da
40、rbelnet define the unit of translation as“the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs is such that they must not be separately translated”.In other words,the translation unit is the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together,as one unit.lAccording to Peter Newmar
41、k,the argument about the length of the UT,which has been put succinctly by W.Haas,“as short as is possible,as long as is necessary”,is a concrete reflection of the age-old conflict between free and literal translation,the freer the translation,the longer the UT;the more literal the translation,the s
42、horter the UT,the closer to the word,or,in poetry,even to the morpheme.Free translation has always favored the sentence;literal translation the word.Now,since the rise of text linguistics,free translation has moved from the sentence to the whole text.67 l1）Prose of its very nature is longer than ver
43、se,and the virtues peculiar to it manifest themselves gradually.l散文就其本质而言，比韵文篇幅长，因而其特有的品质是逐渐表现出来的。l2）If the cardinal virtue of poetry is love,the cardinal virtue of prose is justice;and,whereas love makes you act and speak on the spur of the moment,justice needs inquiry,patience,and a control even o
44、f the noblest passions.l如果说诗歌的首要品质是爱，散文的首要品质是公正；爱使你因一时冲动而采取行动，表达自己，但要做到公正则需要调查，需要耐心，需要控制激情，即使这种激情是最崇高的。68 l3）By justice here I do not mean justice only to particular people or ideas,but a habit of justice in all the processes of thought,a style tranquillized and a form moulded by that habit.l说起公正，我不
45、是指针对具特殊人们或具体想法的公正，而是指在思想的全过程中的一种公正的习惯，一种由此习惯所形成的沉静的文风和由此习惯所造就的形式。l4）Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange.l一年四季的水果中，我最推崇柑橘。l5）Nature contains the elements,in color and form,of all pictures,as the keyboard contains the notes of all music.l就色彩和形状而论，大自然包含所有图画的成分，就像琴键包含所有音乐的音符一样。69 l翻译英
46、语主从复合句必须注意以下要点：翻译英语主从复合句必须注意以下要点：l分出句子层次；分别译出中文，根据汉语行文的时空关系和逻辑关系进行译文重组。l1）I retired last year from my post at a universityl 1l in Tokyo,where I taught English literature and language.2l我曾在东京某大学教英语语言文学，l 2l去年刚辞职。l 170 l2）He found the thought infinitely more enjoyable to focus on than the niggling fea
47、r l 1lthat had been troubling him l 2lsince his conversation with Fisher.（chronologically）l 3l 那次与费希尔谈话以后，l 3 l总有些琐琐碎碎的事儿一直困扰着他，使他有种莫名的担忧。l 2l如今集中精力做这种想法，比起那种杞人忧天来无疑要让人开心多了。（chronologically）l 171 l 3）A World Bank report released at the time of the conference,which ended on 10 November,insists that V
48、ietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing.l (1)A World Bank report insists（一份世界银行的报告坚持认为）l （2）（A World Bank report was）released at the time of the conference（一份世界银行的报告是在这次会议上被披露出来的）l （3）which ended on 10 November（这次会议在11月10日结束）l (4)that Viet
49、nams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing.(越南经济的全面增长将更主要地取决于其本国的政策，而不是外来资金的数额)l （3）（2）（1）（4）l 译文：在11月10日结束的巴黎会议上，披露了世界银行的一份报告。报告反复强调越南经济的全面增长将更主要地取决于其本国的政策，而不是外来资金的数额。72 l4）The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to
50、light small bulbs,even to run an electric motor,is almost unbelievable.l(1)The idea of is almost unbelievable.(这种想法简直令人难以置信)l(2)a fish being able to generate electricity(鱼能发电)l(3)strong enough to light small bulbs(其强度足以点亮灯泡)l(4)even to run an electric motor(其强度甚至足以开动马达)l根据“先事实，后结论”这种逻辑关系，译文顺序如下：l（2）
