1、organic solvent precipitation organic solvent precipitationsoelectric point precipitationprecipitation techniquesKnowledge pointsThe most common type of precipitation for proteins is Salt induced precipitation.Protein solubility depends on several factors.It is observed that at low concentration of
2、the salt,solubility of the proteins usually increases slightly.This is termed Salting in.But at high concentrations of salt,the solubility of the proteins drops sharply.This is termed Salting out and the proteins precipitate out.Electric double layer,;IKSslog221iiZcI,Ks常数uKs盐析法:盐析法:在一定pH和温度下,改变体系离子强
3、度进行盐析的方法;u盐析法:盐析法:在一定离子强度下,改变pH和温度进行盐析;其中,Ks盐析法由于蛋白质对离子强度的变化非常敏感,易产生共沉淀现象,因此常用于提取液的前处理。而盐析法由于溶质溶解度变化缓慢,且变化幅度小,因此分辨率更高,常用于初步的纯化。新观点:有机溶剂可能破坏蛋白质的某种键,使其空间结构发生某种变化,疏水区暴露并与有机溶剂疏水基团结合形成疏水层,从而使蛋白沉淀(缺点:蛋白变性)uPEGuThis form of precipitation involves the addition of a non-ionic polymer to the protein solution.
4、This works because the addition of the polymer reduces the amount of water available to interact with the protein.The polymers that have received the most attention have been dextrans and polyethylene glycols.In this type of precipitation,a metal ion will bind to a part of the protein.An advantage o
5、f this type of precipitation is that they have great precipitating power in a dilute solution.These ions can be classified into three groups.Ions such as Mn2+,Fe2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Zn2+,and Cd2+will bind strongly to carboxylic acids and to nitrogenous compounds.Ca2+,Ba2+,Mg2+,and Pb2+will mainly bind to ca
6、rboxylic acids.Finally,Ag+,Hg2+,and Pb 2+will bind strongly to sulphydryl groups.亲和沉析u原理:原理:利用蛋白质和特定分子(配基、基质、辅酶等)之间高度专一而设计的一种特殊选择性的分离技术,所以沉淀原理不是依据蛋白质溶解度的差异,是因为蛋白质与特定分子结合,形成固相从而与杂质分离u分类:分类:根据亲和沉淀的机理,分为一次作用亲和沉淀(水溶性分子偶联2个或2个以上的亲和配基,双配基和多配基可与含有2个以上的亲和结合部位的多价蛋白质交联,进而产生较大的交联网络而沉淀)和二次作用亲和沉淀(先使目标物质和带有配基(基质、
7、辅酶)的载体结合,然后改变pH或其它条件使目标物-配基-载体形成可逆性沉淀,从而使目标物与杂质分离(CE p356)。沉析技术的应用u蛋白质u多糖u皂苷u杜仲中绿原酸的提取u水提醇沉法(水醇法)系指在中药水提浓缩液中,加入乙醇使达不同含醇量,某些药物成分在醇溶液中溶解度降低析出沉淀,固液分离后使水提液得以精制的方法。一般操作过程是:将中药水提液浓缩至11-12(mLg),药液放冷后,边搅拌边缓慢加入乙醇使达规定含醇量,密闭冷藏24-48h,滤过,滤液回收乙醇,得到精制液。操作时应注意以下问题:药液应适当浓缩,以减少乙醇用量。但应控制浓缩程度,若过浓,有效成分易包裹于沉淀中而造成损失。浓缩的药液
8、冷却后方可加入乙醇,以免乙醇受热挥发损失。选择适宜的醇沉浓度。一般药液中含醇量达50-60可除去淀粉等杂质,含醇量达75以上大部分杂质均可沉淀除去。慢加快搅。应快速搅动药液,缓缓加入乙醇,以避免局部醇浓度过高造成有效成分被包裹损失。密闭冷藏。可防止乙醇挥发,促进析出沉淀的沉降,便于滤过操作。洗涤沉淀。沉淀采用乙醇(浓度与药液中的乙醇浓度相同)洗涤可减少有效成分在沉淀中的包裹损失。水提醇沉法与醇提水沉法水提醇沉法与醇提水沉法u醇提水沉法(醇水法)系指先以适宜浓度的乙醇提取药材成分,将提取液回收乙醇后,加适量水搅匀,静置冷藏一定时间,沉淀完全后滤除的方法。药材用乙醇为溶剂提取,可避免淀粉、蛋白质、黏液质等成分的浸出,加水处理后可除去醇提液中树脂、脂溶性色素等杂质。应用此方法要慎重,避免醇溶性有效成分因水溶性差而被一起沉淀除去。