1、Unit 3 ConservationLesson 1 The Sixth Extinction1_ n.物种，种2_ adj.异常的；不平常的3_ adj.大量的4_ adj.各种各样的，形形色色的5_ vi.&vt.减少 n.减少；减少的量6_ vt.责怪，指责7_ vt.影响8_ adj.濒危的9_ adj.太阳光（能）的10_ vi.&vt.（使）孵化11_ vt.（使）恢复speciesunusualmassvarieddecreaseblameaffectendangeredsolarhatchrestore1at the rate of _2be based on _3lay e
2、ggs _4be at risk _5wipe out _6die out _7up to _8in short _9according to _10take steps _11be to blame _ 以以的速度的速度/比例比例基于基于产卵产卵/下蛋下蛋处境危险；受到威胁处境危险；受到威胁彻底毁灭彻底毁灭消失；绝迹；灭绝消失；绝迹；灭绝高达高达简而言之简而言之根据；按照根据；按照采取措施采取措施把把归咎于归咎于extinctionspecieswipe sth outglobal warmingdie outa situation in which something no longer
3、existsin danger of being harmed or lostthe natural environment in which an animal or plant usually livesa set of animals or plants in which members have similar characteristics to each otherto destroy something completelya gradual increase in world temperatures caused by gases such as carbon dioxide
4、 that are collecting in the air around the Earth and stopping heat escaping into spaceto become less common and finally stop existingendangeredhabitat()1.How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out?a.Once.b.Five times.c.More than 10 times.How much do you know about extinction?Choose
5、 the option based on your knowledge.()2.About what percent of all species on Earth became extinct during the mass extinction known as the“Great Dying”?a.Less than 10%.b.Nearly 50%.c.More than 90%.()3.What do scientists think will cause the next mass extinction?a.Human activity.b.Natural causes.c.Unk
6、nown reasons.bca Extinctions,where entire species are wiped out,are not unusual in our Earths history.In fact,over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years,there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.These include the third mass extin
7、ction,known as the“Great Dying”,which killed 90%to 96%of all species.And the fifth event,which occurred 66 million years ago,caused the death of the dinosaurs.The reasons for extinctions are varied.According to scientists,they include volcanic eruptions,asteroids hitting the Earth from space,changes
8、 in sea levels,the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.Many scientists say we are now entering the Earths sixth mass extinction.This time,human activity will be to blamRead a text about extinction.Then check your answers in Activity 1.Although it is not unusual for species t
9、o die out naturally,the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US,looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes,that is,the“background extinction rate”.They found that human activ
10、ity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out:air and water pollution,forests being destroyed,factory farming and overfishing.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth,includ
11、ing animals and plants.Read a text about extinction.Then check your answers in Activity 1.If a sixth mass extinction occurs,scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.Of course,as we humans depend on so many species for our survival,
12、we would also be at risk of dying out.Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.Without forests,we would have no air to breathe,and without clean water we would be unable to survive.Read a text about extinction.Then check your answers in Activity 1.Can a sixt
13、h extinction be avoided?Experts say that it is not yet too late,if we take action now.This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.For example,we need to take steps to save endangered species,including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.We need to c
14、hange how we work and travel by using cleaner,more natural sources of energy,such as wind and solar energy.We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water,air and land pollution.In short,if we want to survive,we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.R
15、ead a text about extinction.Then check your answers in Activity 1.The Black RobinBlack robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction.In 1980,there were only five black robins left in the world.They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand.Only one of those birds,a female cal
16、led Old Blue,was able to lay eggs.Wildlife workers began a programme for raising black robin chicks.They protected Old Blues eggs,helped them to hatch,and took care of the chicks.Thanks to their efforts,there are now more than 250 black robins,and the population is spreading.To help them survive,peo
17、ple are restoring their habitats and removing small animals that hunt them,such as mice and cats from the islands where they live.Case StudyNotesrobin n.知更鸟habitat n.栖息地Meaning of extinctionHow to avoid the sixth mass extinctionMain reasons that cause extinctionsTwo notable extinctions and their con
18、sequencesThe number of extinctions that have occurred so farExtinctionRead the text.Complete the notes.Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.1.Meaning of extinction:entire species are wiped outover 90%of all species that ever livedthe third mass extinction,which killed 90%to 96%of all
19、 species;the fifth event,which occurred 66 million years ago,caused the death of the dinosaursvolcanic eruptions,asteroids hitting the Earth from space,changes in sea levels,the decrease of oxygen content of the sea,global warming3.Two notable extinctions and their consequences:4.Main reasons that c
20、ause extinctions:2.The number of extinctions that have occurred so far:change the way we live,e.g.save endangered species,including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected;change how we work and travel by using cleaner,more natural sources of energy;improve our farming met
21、hods5.How to avoid the sixth mass extinction:Read the text.Complete the notes.Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.1.What did scientists find out in 2015?The study found how quickly species die out due to natural causes,that is the“background extinction rate”.They found that human ac
22、tivity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.Because human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth,including animals and plants.2.Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come?Read again.Answer the questions.Because our world and our lives d
23、epend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.3.Why does the writer believe well probably die out if 75%of the Earths species die out?People protected Old Blues eggs,helped them to hatch,and took care of the chicks.People are restoring their habitats and removing pests like mice and cats
24、 from the islands where they live.The case study showed that even in desperate situations,we can do something to help.In short,its never too late.4.What did people do in the case study to protect black robins?Which claim(s)did the case study support in the text?Read again.Answer the questions.In the
25、 last 500 million years,there have been five mass extinction events on Earth.In the third event,which 1._ the“Great Dying”,90%to 96%of all species 2._.Of course,species died out due to many causes.But nowadays,human activity 3._ all types of species that we 4._ for living.We need to 5._ to avoid the
26、 sixth mass extinction.We should 6._ to save endangered animals and plants,and 7._ special areas to 8._ them before the next extinction comes that may 9._ the entire species.die out be known as have affected depend on wipe out take steps take action set up take care of Complete the paragraph about e
27、xtinctions using the correct form of the phrases below.is known asdied outhas affecteddepend ontake actiontake stepsset uptake care ofwipe outRead the sentences and discuss which word(s)the clauses(in italics)refer to.1.Extinctions,where entire species are wiped out,are not unusual in our Earths his
28、tory.“where entire species are wiped out”refers to“Extinctions”2.These include the third mass extinction,known as the“Great Dying”,which killed 90%to 96%of all species.“which killed 90%to 96%of all species”refers to the“Great Dying”3.A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and
29、Duke University in the US,looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes.“who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US”refers to“scientists”Read the sentences and discuss which word(s)the clauses(in italics)refer to.4.If a sixth mass extinction occurs,scientists who
30、have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.“who have studied the issue”refers to“scientists”5.We need to take steps to save endangered species,including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.“where plants and animals ca
31、n be protected”refers to“special areas”Which of the clauses above:(1)give information to identify the persons/objects.(_)(2)give extra information about a person or a thing,which can be left out.(_)Focus on language:Relative clausesDefining clause and Non-defining clausedefining clausenon-defining c
32、lause用法（用法（1）：）：彻底消灭，全部摧毁（具体的物品）彻底消灭，全部摧毁（具体的物品）例句1.The disease threatens to wipe out the entire population.这种疾病有可能毁灭整个种群。仿写：A volcanic eruption nearly _ of Montserrat in 1997 1997年的一次火山喷发差点把蒙特塞拉特这个小岛给毁灭了。用法（用法（2）：）：去除，抹去去除，抹去（抽象的东西）抽象的东西）例句2.I really hope surgery could wipe out the tired feelings.我
33、真的希望手术可以去除这些疲劳的感觉。仿写：A disease has _.一场疾病把他所有的记忆都抹去了。(P52)Extinctions,where entire species are wiped out,are not unusual in our Earths history.物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球历史上并不罕见。1wipe out 彻底毁灭彻底毁灭wiped out the small islandwiped out all his memories用法（用法（1）：）：It is unusual(for sb.)to do sth.做某事对某人来说是不寻常的做某事对
34、某人来说是不寻常的 例句1.Its unusual for him to feel very angry in a situation like this.在像这样的情况下，他大发雷霆是不寻常的。(P52)Extinctions,where entire species are wiped out,are not unusual in our Earths history.物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球历史上并不罕见。2unusual adj.异常的；不平常的异常的；不平常的用法（用法（2）：）：It is unusual that sb.do sth.某人做某事是不寻常的某人做某事是
35、不寻常的 例句2.It is not unusual that she reaches out her helping hand.她经常出手相助。【词汇拓展】unusually adv.不寻常地 usual adj.通常的 usually adv.通常地than usual 比平时 as usual 像平常那样 2unusual adj.异常的；不平常的异常的；不平常的【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)Chopsticks are _(usual)two long,thin pieces of wood or bamboo.They can also be made of plastic,anim
36、al bone or metal.(2)This time,we stayed together,in case anything else _(usual)happened.(3)But a few days ago,this ancient town was _(usual)full of people.(4)He was an _(usual)man with great business talents.usuallyunusualunusuallyunusual(P52)The reasons for extinctions are varied.物种灭绝的原因多种多样。3varie
37、d adj.各种各样的，形形色色的各种各样的，形形色色的【词汇拓展】vary vi.（根据情况）变化，改变；（大小、形状等）相异，不同 vary with 随而变化 vary from 不同于 vary in 在方面不同/有差异 vary fromto 从到不等/不同【语言提升】varied adj.不同的，多变的，各种各样的，形形色色的（various）【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)The three groups of violinists _(vary)a lot in their practice times last month.(2)In 2020,World Wildlife D
38、ay celebrated biodiversity,including wild fauna and flora,in all its _(vary)and beautiful forms.(3)I like reading books very much,especially storybooks,varying from Chinese stories _ English stories.(4)Changes in price normally vary _ changes of supply and need.(5)Though Lucy and Lily are twins,they
39、 vary _ character.varied3varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的各种各样的，形形色色的variedtowithin(P52)Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally,the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度令人担忧。4die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝消失；绝迹，灭绝【词汇拓展】die off 相继死去，先后死去die down 逐渐变弱，逐渐平息die from/
40、of 死于die away 逐渐减弱，逐渐消失be dying for sth./to do sth.渴望某物/做某事【针对练习】单句语法填空(1)The prey species they directly attack will die _.(2)In 2016,just over 400,000 people died _ the disease.(3)I am dying _ a glass of water.(4)The wind will die _ in the evening.(5)So far worldwide,it is reported that more than 9
41、0,000 people have been infected with the new coronavirus and more than 3,000 have died _ less than three months.outfromindown4die out 消失；绝迹，灭绝消失；绝迹，灭绝for1.(P52)In the last 500 million years,_ five times when life on Earth has almost ended.在过去的5亿年里，曾经有5次地球上的生命几乎灭绝了。2.(P53)_ human activity has negativ
42、ely affected all other species on Earth,including animals and plants.很明显，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物都产生了负面影响。3.(P53)Without forest,we _ no air to breathe.没有森林，我们就没有呼吸的空气。there have beenwould haveIt is clear that1.(P52)In the last 500 million years,there have been five times when life on Earth has almost
43、ended.在过去的5亿年里，曾经有5次地球上的生命几乎灭绝了。there be句型的用法：（1）本句是there be句型的现在完成时。there be结构中的be动词可以根据具体情况，有 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、be going to结构、used to结构等。例句1.There used to be a tower by the river.河边曾经有一座塔。例句2.There will be heavy snow next week according to weather report.根据天气预报，下周将有大雪。1there be句型的用法句型的用法（2）there b
44、e结构还可以根据具体的情况，与同情态动词或seem，happen，remain等连用。例句3.There must be someone to meet you when you arrive.你到了后，一定会有人接你的。例句4.There seems to be someone crying in the next room.似乎隔壁有人在哭。（3）there be句型中，be动词有时可用lie，stand，live，exist等替换，表示某个时候或某地有某物。例句5.On the southwest frontier of China,there lie many forests wher
45、e live a great variety of plants and animals.在中国西南边陲有许多森林，那里生长着各种各样的植物和动物。例句6.There exists an argument about the arrangement for the holidays.关于度假的安排之事还存在争论。1there be句型的用法句型的用法(P53)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth,including animals and plants.很明显，人类活
46、动对地球上所有其他物种，包括动物和植物都产生了负面影响。【句式剖析】本句中的It是一个形式主语。其后接的is clear是一个系表结构。后面的that从句在句中作真正的主语。（1）在这个结构中，that从句的谓语部分通常是“should动词原形”。例句1.It is necessary that you should behave well at school.在学校你应该表现好一点。2it is形容词（表语）that从句（真正的主语）it is形容词（表语）that从句（真正的主语）句式用法：2it is形容词（表语）that从句（真正的主语）（2）这句型中的表语，除了是形容词外，还可以是名
47、词。例句2.It is your duty that you should take good care of your parents.照顾好你的父母是你的职责。（3）这个句型中的that从句可以转换成动词不定式短语for sb.to do sth.。例句3.It is impossible that they should have finished so much work in such a short time.It is impossible for them to have finished so much work in such a short time.他们在这么短的时间内
48、完成这么多的工作是不可能的。(P53)Without forest,we would have no air to breathe.没有森林，我们就没有呼吸的空气。【句式剖析】本句的介词without引出的条件是一个假设的条件，句子的谓语动词这时用虚拟语气。（1）与现在事实相反；谓语部分：would/could/might(not)do sth.例句1.Without air,man couldnt exist on the earth.没有空气的话，人类将不能在地球上生存。3without引导的虚拟语气 without引导虚拟条件时，谓语动词要使用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词有如下三种形式：（2
49、）与过去事实相反；谓语部分：would/could/might(not)have done sth.例句2.Without your help,I would have failed the exam last week.没有你帮助的话，我上周考试可能就通不过了。3without引导的虚拟语气（3）与将来事实相反；谓语动词：would/could/might(not)do sth.例句3.Without your ticket,I wouldnt be able to go to the concert tomorrow.要是没有你的票的话，我明天就不能去听音乐会了。判断正误()1.In th
50、e last fifty million years,life on earth has almost died out.()2.Human activities are to blame for the previous life extinction.()3.Human activities have so far negatively affected life on the earth.()4.Life will almost die out in the sixth mass extinction.()5.Our world and our lives depend on the b
