1、Computer Science in EnglishDesigned and Programmed ByJiang TongqiangMiao TianshunTeaching Assisted CoursewareComputer Science in EnglishII.Grammatical Notes to the Text III.Words Bank to the TextIV.Exercises of the ChapterI.Pre-reading QuestionsChapter 16 Artificial Intelligence and Expert SystemII.
2、Grammatical Notes to the Text III.Words Bank to the TextIV.Exercises of the ChapterI.Pre-reading QuestionsChapter 16I.Pre-reading Questions1.What is Artificial Intelligence?2.What can we do using Artificial Intelligence?3.What is Expert System?How does an Expert System work?1.What is Artificial Inte
3、lligence?Reference Key:Using the computer for tasks that normally require human intelligence.Chapter 16I.Pre-reading Questions2.What can we do using Artificial Intelligence?Reference Key:In addition to expert system,AI includes work in the following areas:neural networks,perceptive systems,learning,
4、robotics,AI hardware,and natural language processing.Chapter 16I.Pre-reading Questions3.What is Expert System?How does an Expert System work?Reference Key:An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts in the form of heuristics.An Expert System solve
5、 problem by Reasoning using rules in knowledge base.artificial intelligence（AI）为the term 的同位语。过去分词短语held at Dartmouth college 作定语，修饰a conference。而该句中用and 将the year was 1956与后面的句子相连，目的在于强调时间（1956）。1.The year was 1956,and the term artificial intelligence(AI)was coined by John McCarhy as the theme of a
6、 conference held at Dartmouth College.II.Grammatical Notes to the Text该句中asas 引导的结构作状语，表示行为方 式。限 制 性 定 语 从 句 t h a t a r e incorporated into DSSs修饰conventional algorithms。that are specific enough most of the time to be useful 也是限制性定语从句，修饰results。2.Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as
7、 do conventional algorithms that are incorporated into DSSs,but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be useful.II.Grammatical Notes to the Text该句中，goal variable 作the term 的同位语。which 引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰the solution。3.The term goal variable is used to describe the solution,which
8、 can be a computed value,an identified object,an action to be taken,or some other recommendation.II.Grammatical Notes to the Text现在分词短语searching for a rule that can be evaluated 作状语，表目的。其中，that can be evaluated 为限制性定语从句，修饰rule。4.The inference engine continues to s u b d i v i d e a p ro b l e m i n
9、t o i t s subproblems in this manner,searching for a rule that can be evaluated.II.Grammatical Notes to the Text该句中现在分词短语，using an programming language 作状语，表方式、手段。5.You can create an expert system using any programming language.II.Grammatical Notes to the Text过去分词短语developed by Edward Shotlffle and
10、Stanley Cohen of Stanford University 作定语，修饰该句的表语Mycin。with the help of Stanton Axline作状语，说明方式。a physician 是Stanton Axline 的同位语。6.One of the first expert systems was Mycin,developed by Edward Shotlffle and Stanley Cohen of Stanford University,with the help of Stanton Axline,a physician.II.Grammatical
11、 Notes to the Text限制性定语从句that provides technical help to users 修饰unit。7.A help desk is a unit within the organization that provides technical help to users.II.Grammatical Notes to the Text该句中，a network-like structure 作a decision tree的同位语，对其作出解释。之后是一个that引导的限制性定语从句，修饰a network-like structure。8.Some s
12、ystems employ knowledge expressed in form of a decision tree,a network-like structure that enables the user to progress from the root through the network branches by answering questions relating to the problem.II.Grammatical Notes to the Textthat 引导的限制性定语从句修饰firms。从句中，形容词短语necessary to develop their
13、 own systems 作定语，修饰从句的宾语r e s o u r c e s。现 在 分 词 短 语 u s i n g programming language 作伴随状语。9.Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence within the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages.II.Grammatical Notes to t
14、he Textartificial 7B:ti5fiFEl adj.人造的；人工的人造的；人工的ambitious Am5biFEs adj.野心勃勃的；有抱负的野心勃勃的；有抱负的heuristic hjuE5ristik adj.启发式的启发式的neural 5njuErEl adj.神经系统的神经系统的perceptive pE5septiv adj.感觉敏锐的感觉敏锐的assumption E5sQmpFEn n.假定，设想假定，设想arise E5raiz vi.出现，发生出现，发生accumulate E5kju:mjuleit v.积聚，堆积积聚，堆积interpret in5t
15、E:prit v.解释，说明解释，说明tailor 5teilE vt.适应，适合适应，适合supplement 5sQplimEnt v.补充补充strategy 5strAtidVi n.策略策略devise di5vaiz vt.设计，发明设计，发明subsequently 5sQbsikwEntli adv.后来，随后后来，随后reverse ri5vE:s adj.相反的，倒转的相反的，倒转的inference 5infErEns n.推论推论approach E5prEutF n.方法，步骤，途径方法，步骤，途径accomplishment E5kCmpliFmEnt n.成就，完
16、成成就，完成manual 5mAnjuEl n.手册，指南手册，指南populate 5pRpjJleit vt.居住在居住在中中sophistication sE9fistikeiFEn n.混合，复杂化混合，复杂化IV.ExercisesComprehensionI.Filling BlanksVocabularyII.True or FalseIII.Matching TermsSummaryVII.Cloze(Summarizing the Text)VIII.Translating SentencesCollocationIV.Answering QuestionsV.Selecti
17、ng WordsVI.Conceptual PhrasesTranslation I.Fill in the following blanks.I.Fill in the following blanks.II.True or False.III.Matching the terms.IV.Answer the following questions.IV.Answer the following questions.IV.Answer the following questions.V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change
18、the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret V.Fill in the blanks with
19、 the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse inter
20、pret V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assum
21、ption artificial reverse interpret V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret V.Fill in the blanks with the words given below.Change the form where necessary.ambitious inference
22、tailor consistent manual assumption artificial reverse interpret V.Look at the following sentence taken from your reading passage.Just think about what else you can“apply”and fill in the sentences with the right words.e.g.When the success of Mycin had been established,the developers looked for other
23、 ways to apply their accomplishments.2.We must apply our en_ to finding a solution.ergies 1.A nurse is applying some me_ to his wound.dicine4.The right thing would be to apply direct pr_ to the wound.essure 3.They forgot to apply the ha_ and the car rolled 60ft into the river.ndbrake6.The Government
24、 appears to be applying the same pr_.inciple 5.His project is concerned with applying the te_ to practical business problems.chnologyVII.Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank.Artificial intelligence(AI)is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge syst
25、ems,1 use human knowledge to solve problems.2 all the prevailing systems,the most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system.An expert system is a computer program 3 attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts in the 4 of heuristics.The heuristics allow the expert system to
26、 function 5 a manner consistent with a human expert,advising the user on 6 to solve a problem.In 7 to expert system,AI includes work in many other areas.The concept of expert system is based on the assumption that an experts knowledge 8 be captured in computer storage and then 9 by others when the n
27、eed arises.An expert system offers 10 capabilities as a decision support system.1.A.that B.which C.what D.it2.A.In B.Out C.Of D.From3.A.that B.toC.what D.with4.A.area B.fieldC.expertD.form5.A.onB.out C.withD.in6.A.which B.whatC.how D.when7.A.addition B.addingC.addD.additional 8.A.could B.can C.will
28、D.shall9.A.applied B.applyC.appliesD.applying10.A.manyB.a lot of C.total D.unique1.B2.C3.A4.D5.D6.C7.A8.B9.A10.D1.Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as do conventional algorithms that are incorporated into DSSs,but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be use
29、ful.VIII.Translate the following into English.2.The concept of expert system is base on the assumption that an experts knowledge can be captured in computer storage and then applied by others when the need arises.VIII.Translate the following into English.3.The knowledge base contains both facts that
30、 describe the problem area and knowledge representation techniques that describe how the facts fit together in a logical manner.VIII.Translate the following into English.4.In its most basic form,the help desk consists of one or more technical experts who,perhaps using an 800 number,receive users telephone calls for help.VIII.Translate the following into English.5.Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence within the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages.EndVIII.Translate the following into English.
