1、Lecture 09Static vs.DynamicI.Warm-up1.Translate the following sentence.Pay special attention to the translation of the underlined nouns.1)Dont believe him.You should know he is a good kidder.不要相信他,你应该知道他很会不要相信他,你应该知道他很会骗人骗人的。的。2)Some knowledge about the structure and history of Chinese is helpful fo
2、r your study of the language.对汉字结构、发展史有所了解有助于大家学习汉语。对汉字结构、发展史有所了解有助于大家学习汉语。3)Im convinced that Chinas WTO entry/membership will do more contribution to the development of global economy.我坚信中国我坚信中国加入加入WTO将会对全球经济发展做出更大的贡献。将会对全球经济发展做出更大的贡献。I.Warm-up2.Translate the following sentence.Pay special attenti
3、on to the translation of the underlined adjectives.4)I am doubtful whether he is still alive.我我怀疑怀疑他是否还他是否还活着活着。5)Some students are reluctant to come to class in such hot weather.一些学生一些学生不情愿不情愿在热天上课。在热天上课。6)If you are always afraid of failure,then youll never be successful.如果你总是如果你总是担心担心失败,那么你就永远不会失
4、败,那么你就永远不会成功成功。I.Warm-up3.Translate the following sentence.Pay special attention to the translation of the underlined prepositions.7)Mother is on the telephone with father.母亲和父亲在母亲和父亲在通话通话。8)He has been on his dissertation these days.他最近在他最近在写写毕业论文。毕业论文。9)These apartment houses are for workers with
5、families.这些住宅楼是为这些住宅楼是为带带家属的工人们盖的。家属的工人们盖的。n禁止通行禁止通行n禁止停车禁止停车n禁止超车禁止超车n禁止掉头禁止掉头n闲人免进闲人免进n不准在此设摊兜售不准在此设摊兜售n包您满意,否则退款包您满意,否则退款n保证三个月内免费维修保证三个月内免费维修n立正!立正!n齐步走!齐步走!n稍息!稍息!n未满十八岁者勿进未满十八岁者勿进n未经许可,车辆不得入未经许可,车辆不得入内内nNo ThoroughfarenNo ParkingnNo PassingnNo U-turnnNo Admittance Except on BusinessnNo Hawkern
6、Satisfaction or your money back.nFull three months unconditional service guaranteednAttention!nQuick march!nAt ease!nFor Persons over 18 Years of AgenAuthorized Cars onlyI.Warm-up4.Compare the following English and Chinese warnings.II.Static vs.Dynamic(静态与动态)(静态与动态)n Broadly speaking,nouns are belie
7、ved to be static in that they refer to entities that are seen as stable.n Verbs are featured as dynamic,for they are fitted by their capacity to show tense and aspect,to indicate action,activity,and temporary or changing conditions(quirk,1973:48).n Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand w
8、ith nouns,while adverbs are frequently used with verbs.n 英语英语呈静态:呈静态:只能使用一个限定形式的动词(只能使用一个限定形式的动词(finite verb),唯一例外是并),唯一例外是并列句动词谓语。列句动词谓语。n 现代汉语现代汉语呈现动态呈现动态:动词动词占优势,即句子不只限于一个动词;可以连续使用几个动占优势,即句子不只限于一个动词;可以连续使用几个动词,即动词连用。这是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。词,即动词连用。这是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。II.Static vs.Dynamic(静态与动态)(静态与动态)n English
9、 is featured by its predominance of nouns over verbs.n S.Potter(1969:101)points out,“Our western civilization,it has been said,favors an over-development of the intellect at the expense of the emotions.That is why people prefer nouns to verbs.They suffer what the Germans call noun disease.Therefore,
10、nominalization(名词化名词化)is a common occurrence in English.n E.g.They say:Johns arrival was premature.John came too soon.n English makes more use of nouns,adjectives,and prepositions;as a result,it is more static.n Conversely,Chinese often employs verbs,adverbs,verbal phrases,repetition and reduplicati
11、on of verbs;accordingly,it is more dynamic.II.Static vs.Dynamic(静态与动态)(静态与动态)n 英语以静表动,其静态的表现形式有:英语以静表动,其静态的表现形式有:1.Nominalization(名词化):(名词化):abstract nouns(抽象名词),(抽象名词),noun derived from its verb(动词的同源名词)(动词的同源名词)to replace the verb2.Adjective to replace the verb(动词的同源形容词)(动词的同源形容词)3.Adverbs and pre
12、positions to replace the verb4.weakening of verbsn 汉语以动表动:其动态表现形式有:汉语以动表动:其动态表现形式有:1.大量的动宾结构大量的动宾结构2.两个以上动词连用两个以上动词连用-连动式连动式3.兼语式(使令类兼语式(使令类,举荐类,爱憎类,举荐类,爱憎类,有无类有无类 等等)II.Static vs.Dynamic(静态与动态)(静态与动态)Warm-up:which of the following translation is better?III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 1-名词化(名词化(nominalization)1)抽象
13、名词作为对动词的替代(抽象名词作为对动词的替代(Abstract noun to replace verb)III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 1-名词化(名词化(nominalization)1)抽象名词和动词的同源名词作为对动词的替代(抽象名词和动词的同源名词作为对动词的替代(Abstract noun&noun derived from its verb to replace verb)III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 1-名词化(名词化(nominalization)2)adj+以以er/or/ar结尾由动词派生而来的名词对动词的替代结尾由动词派生而来的名词对动词的替代(adj+noun
14、s derived from its verbs(-er,-or)to replace verbs)III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 1-名词化(名词化(nominalization)III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 2-形容词对动词的替代形容词对动词的替代 温家宝总理温家宝总理非常关心非常关心发生在温州市的高铁事故。发生在温州市的高铁事故。The American veterans are guilty of what they have done in Vietnam.美国越战退伍军人为自己在越南所做的一切美国越战退伍军人为自己在越南所做的一切感到愧疚感到愧疚。I am optimisti
15、c about the future development of Sino-Japanese relations.对中日关系的未来我对中日关系的未来我持乐观的态度持乐观的态度。I always think of my childhood these days.Maybe Im a little bit nostalgic.最近我总想起童年的事情,也许是有些最近我总想起童年的事情,也许是有些怀旧怀旧吧。吧。The girl is very sensitive and observant of the messages sent by others.这个小女孩很敏感,他很善意观察别人的心思。这个
16、小女孩很敏感,他很善意观察别人的心思。1)be+1)be+表知觉、愿望、情感等心理活动的形容词表知觉、愿望、情感等心理活动的形容词=对动词的替代对动词的替代III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 2-形容词对动词的替代形容词对动词的替代 那所学校的学生那所学校的学生合作合作得很好,所以我们很快就完成了问卷调查。得很好,所以我们很快就完成了问卷调查。Its natural that children are more demonstrative than adults.孩子比成人更容易孩子比成人更容易表露感情表露感情,这是自然的。,这是自然的。I am always very thankful to
17、you for keeping the secret for me.我一直很我一直很感激感激你替我保守秘密。你替我保守秘密。The school authority is very supportive of our plan.校方很校方很支持支持我们的工作。我们的工作。Although I feel very sympathetic with you,I really cant help you.尽管我很尽管我很同情同情你,但我的确不能够帮你。你,但我的确不能够帮你。2)feel/seem/look/grow/get/be+同源形容词对动词的替代(同源形容词对动词的替代(adj derive
18、d from the verb to replace the verb)III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 2-形容词对动词的替代形容词对动词的替代 经过数百年的风吹日晒,墓碑上的文字已经无法经过数百年的风吹日晒,墓碑上的文字已经无法辨读辨读了。了。What she said is dismissible,so dont take it to heart.她的话她的话无足轻重无足轻重,不要太旺心里去。,不要太旺心里去。A culture and its language are as inseparable as brain and body.一种文化及其语言就像大脑与身体一样一种文化及其语言就
19、像大脑与身体一样不可分割不可分割。Modern means of transportation is unavailable to the people in remote areas.在边缘地区,人们根本无法利用现代化的交通工具。在边缘地区,人们根本无法利用现代化的交通工具。If we go on destroying the environment,then the earth will be uninhabitable 50 years later.如果我们继续破换环境,那么再过如果我们继续破换环境,那么再过50年地球将不适合居住了。年地球将不适合居住了。3)be+以以-able,ibl
20、e为后缀的形容词使用频率高,体现出汉语为后缀的形容词使用频率高,体现出汉语动词的含义。动词的含义。III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 2-形容词对动词的替代形容词对动词的替代 她很爱在陌生人面前她很爱在陌生人面前出风头出风头。tolerant and loving,she is very popular among friends and colleagues.她既宽容又她既宽容又有爱心有爱心,同事、朋友都很喜欢她。,同事、朋友都很喜欢她。My tutor is very demanding and is always critical of my work.我的导师我的导师要求很高要求很高,对
21、我的工作总是很挑剔。,对我的工作总是很挑剔。听到这个好消息,我们听到这个好消息,我们兴奋不已兴奋不已.We were very excited at the good news.尽管我知道他的尽管我知道他的本意是好的本意是好的,单他的行为还是令我很,单他的行为还是令我很难堪难堪.Although I knew he was well-intentioned,his behavior was really very embarrassing.4)be+非谓语动词形式(动词不定时,动名词和分词),表达非谓语动词形式(动词不定时,动名词和分词),表达动词的含义。动词的含义。III.英语静态特征英语静
22、态特征 3 介词对动词的替代介词对动词的替代 Carlisle Street runs westward,across a great black bridge,down a hill and up again,by little shops and meat-markets,past single-storied homes,until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.(7个介词)个介词)卡莱尔大街往西伸展,卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过越过一座黑色大桥,一座黑色大桥,爬下爬下山岗又爬山岗又爬上去,上去,经过经过许多小铺和肉市,又许多小铺和肉
23、市,又经过经过一些平房,然后突然一些平房,然后突然朝朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。着一大片绿色草地中止了。Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.农民农民缺乏缺乏训练,许多农场生产率训练,许多农场生产率很低很低,这就,这就使得使得大多数农大多数农民民处于处于贫穷的境地。贫穷的境地。ExampleIII.英语静态特征英
24、语静态特征3 介词对动词的替代介词对动词的替代 我们小时候在同一所学校上学。我们小时候在同一所学校上学。I know quite well,for we are in the same office.我们在同一个办公室工作,我非常了解他。我们在同一个办公室工作,我非常了解他。I found him at his books in the library.我发现他在图书馆里看书。我发现他在图书馆里看书。Through the forest,they found the small village.穿过森林,他们找到了那个小村庄。穿过森林,他们找到了那个小村庄。III.英语静态特征英语静态特征3
25、介词对动词的替代介词对动词的替代He invited me to his house for lunch.他邀请我去他家吃饭。他邀请我去他家吃饭。He has gone to Shanghai on business.他到上海出差去了。他到上海出差去了。We warmly welcome you to the seminar.我们热烈欢迎你们参加这次研讨会。我们热烈欢迎你们参加这次研讨会。贾君鹏,你妈叫你回去吃饭。贾君鹏,你妈叫你回去吃饭。Jia Junpeng,your mother wants you back for meal.III.英语静态特征英语静态特征3 介词对动词的替代介词对动
26、词的替代Michael is rather above the rest of the class in chemistry.迈克的化学比班上其他同学好得多。迈克的化学比班上其他同学好得多。These mechanisms were precisely engineered with technology 1,300 years ahead of their time.这些装置设计的精准度比当时先进了这些装置设计的精准度比当时先进了1300年。年。Some professional singers are below Susan Boyle in music comprehension.论音乐
27、鉴赏力,一些职业歌唱演员比不上苏珊大妈。论音乐鉴赏力,一些职业歌唱演员比不上苏珊大妈。日本是中国的第二大贸易伙伴,日本是中国的第二大贸易伙伴,仅次于仅次于美国。美国。III.英语静态特征英语静态特征3 介词对动词的替代介词对动词的替代She was composed eager,and on top of every situation.她从容而热情,凡是都能应付自如。她从容而热情,凡是都能应付自如。Professor Green did not travel by air for the fear of having a heart attack.格林教授怕心脏病发作,没有坐飞机外出旅行。格
28、林教授怕心脏病发作,没有坐飞机外出旅行。On account of John,I decided to refuse the job.考虑到约翰的因素,我决定不接受这个工作。考虑到约翰的因素,我决定不接受这个工作。III.英语静态特征英语静态特征3 介词对动词的替代介词对动词的替代Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。He remained silent with his head down,hands in his pockets.他低着头,双手插兜,一言
29、不发。他低着头,双手插兜,一言不发。With a rifle across his shoulder,the boy was playing soldier.那男孩肩上扛着枪,在装士兵。那男孩肩上扛着枪,在装士兵。到北京不吃烤鸭是遗憾的。烤鸭是北京名菜,别有风味。到北京不吃烤鸭是遗憾的。烤鸭是北京名菜,别有风味。Its a pity to leave Beijing without a taste of Beijing roast duck.Its a famous dish in Beijing with local flavor.III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 3-介词对动词的替代介词对
30、动词的替代-Exercises吃过晚饭,玛丽喜欢带孩子上街去走走。吃过晚饭,玛丽喜欢带孩子上街去走走。The failure gave me a heavy blow and I was at a loss about my future in the following days.那次失败是我受到很大打击,在接下来的一段时间里,我对那次失败是我受到很大打击,在接下来的一段时间里,我对自己的前途自己的前途感到很迷茫感到很迷茫。The medicine should be kept beyond the reach of children.此药应该放在孩子此药应该放在孩子够不着够不着的地方。的地
31、方。Since we are through with the customs formalities,shall we go to the hotel?现在我们现在我们办完了办完了海关手续,我们去旅馆吧。海关手续,我们去旅馆吧。After staying in bed for a week,he is now up and about.在床上躺了一周之后,他现在可以在床上躺了一周之后,他现在可以起来活动起来活动了。了。Those against the suggestion,please raise your hands.“Coming!”Away she skimmed,over the
32、lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda(凉台凉台),and into the porch.Who is the man with glass.She is at the sewing machine.On reaching the city he called up his uncle.I barreled straight ahead across the harbor and out over the sea.我笔直地向前高速飞行,越过港口,飞临海面。我笔直地向前高速飞行,越过港口,飞临海面。The came to England
33、behind us.Mary was so clever that she was soon ahead of the other girls.Who is on duty today?For months,I have kept on my desk a picture from a tabloid.III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 3-介词对动词的替代介词对动词的替代 a.There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida.b.A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida.a
34、.After he had a quarrel with his boss,he left.b.After he quarreled with his boss,he left.Before Chinas entry into WTO,there were fears that China would have to make too much concession.在中国加入世界贸易组织之前,人们担心中国国要做出过多的在中国加入世界贸易组织之前,人们担心中国国要做出过多的让步。让步。We are eager to have a glance at the bride and bridegro
35、om.我们非常希望看一看新郎、新娘。我们非常希望看一看新郎、新娘。He has a huge appetite for food,drink and woman.他生性贪吃贪杯又贪色。他生性贪吃贪杯又贪色。III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 4-动词的弱化动词的弱化(weakening of verbs)1)“There be+noun”;“have+noun”structure With the improvement of the living standard,now people attach great importance to health.随着生活水平的提高,人们现在随着生活水平
36、的提高,人们现在很重视很重视健康。健康。Please dont get on or off the bus before it comes to a full stop.在车没有在车没有完全停稳完全停稳之前,请不要上下车。之前,请不要上下车。As well as having a love for poetry and music,the Welsh also like to compete.除了除了喜爱喜爱诗歌与音乐之外,威尔士人还喜欢比赛。诗歌与音乐之外,威尔士人还喜欢比赛。The existing law does not give legal approval to divorces
37、of Catholics.现有的法律不现有的法律不允许允许天主教徒离婚。天主教徒离婚。Please dont get on or off the bus before it comes to a full stop.在车没有完全听闻之前,请不要上下车。在车没有完全听闻之前,请不要上下车。III.英语静态特征英语静态特征 4-动词的弱化动词的弱化(weakening of verbs)2)弱式动词如:弱式动词如:take,have,give,pay等等+Noun+Prep 结构结构IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 常常几个动词连用,中间又不用常常几个动词连用,中间又不用任何关联词语,这被称为复杂的
38、谓语结构。任何关联词语,这被称为复杂的谓语结构。这种结构又可以进一步分为:这种结构又可以进一步分为:1.连动式连动式 2.兼语式兼语式IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 1连动式连动式连动式的特点是:两个或以上的词语同一主语发生主谓关系。连动式的特点是:两个或以上的词语同一主语发生主谓关系。他他穿上穿上衣服衣服出去出去了。了。She dressed herself and went out.他们他们热烈鼓掌欢迎热烈鼓掌欢迎这位新来的同学。这位新来的同学。They applauded warmly to welcome the new students.IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 2兼语式兼语式
39、n 谓语有两动词,前后两个动词不共有一个主语,前一个动词谓语有两动词,前后两个动词不共有一个主语,前一个动词的宾语兼作后一个动词的主语。的宾语兼作后一个动词的主语。n 兼语式的译法应比较灵活。一般来讲,当兼语式的第一个动兼语式的译法应比较灵活。一般来讲,当兼语式的第一个动词是使、叫、让等,译成英语时将后一个动词译为宾语补足语。词是使、叫、让等,译成英语时将后一个动词译为宾语补足语。我我请请她她教教我我读书读书。I asked her to teach me reading.虚心虚心使使人人进步进步,骄傲,骄傲使使人落后。人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,w
40、hereas conceit makes one lag behind.医生医生劝劝他好好他好好休息休息。The doctor advised him to take a good rest.IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 2兼语式兼语式IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 3-动词可以充当任何句子成份动词可以充当任何句子成份IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 4-动词可以重叠和重复动词可以重叠和重复(2)表表持续持续意义。意义。下面大家休息休息。下面大家休息休息。(3)还可表示还可表示假设假设意义,常用动词的意义,常用动词的AA、A一一A、或、或A一下,一下,表示假设意义。如:表示假设意义。如:补一补
41、,还可以穿几年。补一补,还可以穿几年。After mending,it will wear for another couple of years.(4)还可以表示还可以表示轻松随便轻松随便的意思。的意思。他退休以后,平常看看书,下下棋,和老朋友聊聊天。他退休以后,平常看看书,下下棋,和老朋友聊聊天。When he retires,he usually read books,play chess or chat with old friends.IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 4-动词可以重叠和重复动词可以重叠和重复IV.汉语动态特征汉语动态特征 4-动词可以重叠和重复动词可以重叠和重复V.H
42、omework 1-Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(Noun)1)His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.2)An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.3)He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation I political controv
43、ersies.4)A view of Mt.E-mei can be obtained from here.5)On the walk through the campus they saw many students reading in the garden.6)I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.7)He is no smoker,but his father is a chain-smoker.8)He was a regular visit
44、or.9)She is a lover of Chinese painting.10)If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom,it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics.11)His birthday party was a great success.V.Homework 1-Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(Key)1)1)无论什么事情,只要他一露面,就算是成功了。无论什么事情,只要他一露面,就算是成功了。
45、2)2)读一点世界史,对学习翻译是有帮助的。读一点世界史,对学习翻译是有帮助的。3)3)他告诫全国公民,必须坚持参加政治论战。他告诫全国公民,必须坚持参加政治论战。4)4)从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。5)5)漫步校园时,他们看见许多学生在公园里看书。漫步校园时,他们看见许多学生在公园里看书。6)6)我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。7)7)他倒是不抽烟,但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽(是个老烟枪)。他倒是不抽烟,但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽(是个老烟枪)。8)8)他经常来。他经常来。9)9)她热爱中国画。她热爱中国画。10)10)如果
46、我们不知道原子的结构,我们就不能研究核子物理学。如果我们不知道原子的结构,我们就不能研究核子物理学。11)11)他的生日宴会很成功。他的生日宴会很成功。V.Homework 2-Translate the following sentences into English.(Verb)1)1)沙特那时已受挫折。沙特那时已受挫折。2)2)他的态度极其冷静。他的态度极其冷静。3)3)对立面的双方互为存在的条件。对立面的双方互为存在的条件。4)4)中国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。中国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。5)5)他这次旅行所见所闻给他留下了深刻的印象他这次旅行所见所闻给他留下了深刻的
47、印象6)6)仔细研究原文,你会翻译得更好。仔细研究原文,你会翻译得更好。7)7)他唱歌唱得好。他唱歌唱得好。8)8)那些小工厂还在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。那些小工厂还在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。9)9)你一定很累了,为什么不休息一会儿呢?你一定很累了,为什么不休息一会儿呢?10)10)他一想到这场灾难,两腿就像有千斤重,再也挪不动一步了。他一想到这场灾难,两腿就像有千斤重,再也挪不动一步了。11)11)她不耐烦地咒骂了一两声,把头发从眼睛上拨开,才看到了他。她不耐烦地咒骂了一两声,把头发从眼睛上拨开,才看到了他。12)12)他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。他对总统声明为保住其职位而决
48、心奋斗表示钦佩。13)13)他在讲演中曾提到过这件事。他在讲演中曾提到过这件事。14)14)她高度赞扬了西格潘医生,但抱怨他过于严格。她高度赞扬了西格潘医生,但抱怨他过于严格。15)15)我们听到的消息错了。我们听到的消息错了。16)16)没有时间多思考。没有时间多思考。17)17)了解过去有助于了解现在,了解现在有助于预知未来。了解过去有助于了解现在,了解现在有助于预知未来。18)18)工人们坚持取消旧的规定,建立新的规章制度。工人们坚持取消旧的规定,建立新的规章制度。19)19)要把控制人口,节约资源,保护环境放在重要的地位上。要把控制人口,节约资源,保护环境放在重要的地位上。20)20)
49、坚持一个中国的原则,是实现和平统一的基础和前提。坚持一个中国的原则,是实现和平统一的基础和前提。21)21)对于在中国的西方人来说,建立一支有效的管理人员队伍意对于在中国的西方人来说,建立一支有效的管理人员队伍意味着要同时吸引并留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。味着要同时吸引并留住来自海外的管理人才和本地的管理人才。22)22)回想起这些事情,使他的生活增添了乐趣。回想起这些事情,使他的生活增添了乐趣。23)23)据我所知,有几台计算机失踪了。据我所知,有几台计算机失踪了。24)24)他善于听取别人意见,所以他们喜欢同他谈心。他善于听取别人意见,所以他们喜欢同他谈心。25)25)从他的办
50、公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。的全景。26)26)他们最后看了铁麦克一眼他们最后看了铁麦克一眼-它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。27)27)下一个新闻节目比通常短,没有提到游行。下一个新闻节目比通常短,没有提到游行。28)28)汽车猛的刹住,停在悬崖边上。汽车猛的刹住,停在悬崖边上。V.Homework 2-Translate the following sentences into English.(verb)V.Homework 2-Translate the following sent