1、英语句子成分和英语英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习句子结构讲解及练习v简单句的五个基本句型v主语 不及物动词 She came.v主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.v主语 系动词 主语补语 vShe is happyv主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语vShe gave John a bookvShe bought a book for me.v主语 动词 宾语 宾语补语 vShe makes her mother angry vThe teacher asked me to read the passage.v（There+be There lies a book o
2、n the desk.v主谓宾 v名代动词名代 vwe-saw-you.vwe-did-the work.v主系表 v名代系动词形容次名词代词vyou are beautiful vyou seems worried.vyou are a stufent.v相同点都三部分，主语也一样 不同动词和系动词，时态一样，否定式不同动词加助动词，系动词不用 表语可以是形容词，宾语不行 只有宾语有补足语v2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：v主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。v1、主语主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任
3、。v如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)v2、谓语谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。v如：Jack cleans the room every day.(杰克每天打扫房间)v3、表语表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。v如：My name is Ping ping.(我的名字叫萍萍)v4、宾语宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。v如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)v有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接
4、宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。v如：He wrote me a letter.(他给我写了一封信)v有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me.(他给我写了一封信)5、定语、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：v Shanghai is a big city.(上海是个大城市)6、状语状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。v如：He works hard.(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。v如：
5、They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/v He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/vThe teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)8同位语同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。v如：Where is your classmate Tom?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)1.主语（主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east（名词）He likes
6、dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history.(数词)Seeing is believing.（动名词）To see is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classro
7、om.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.谓语谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English.He is asleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A.dont
8、 B.like C.picture D.wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A.get B.longer C.days D.summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B.meeting C.the library D.afternoon3.表语（表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的
9、性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher.（名词）You dont look it.（代词）Five and five is ten.（数词）He is asleep.（形容词）His father is in.（副词）The picture is on the wall.(介词短语)My watch is gone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）常见连系动词常见连系动词1.“存在存在”类类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调这类连系动词强调“
10、存在存在”。常见的。常见的有有:be(是是),look(看起来看起来),feel(摸上去摸上去),seem(似似乎是乎是),appear(似乎、显得似乎、显得),prove(证明证明是是),smell(闻起来闻起来),taste(尝起来尝起来),sound(听起听起来来)等。等。2.例如例如:The story sounds true.3.Those oranges taste good star.2.“持续持续”类类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调这类连系动词强调“持续持续”。常见的。常见的有有:remain(依然依然),keep(保持保持),stay(
11、保保持持),continue(继续、仍旧继续、仍旧),stand(处于处于某状况或情形某状况或情形)等。等。例如例如:Why dont you put the meat in the fridge?It will stay fresh for several days.Its already ten in the morning.The store remains closed.Whats the matter?v3.“变化变化”类类:表示由一种情况或状态变表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调强调“变化变化”后的情况或状态后的情况或状态
12、.常见的常见的有有:become(变成变成),turn(变成变成),grow(变变得得),get(变得变得)等。等。v例如例如:Put the fish in the fridge,or it will go bad in hot weather.(三三)挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the f
13、irst to learn about it.tired worried yellow interested first 4.宾语：宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：如：I like China.（名词）（名词）He hates you.（代词）（代词）How many do you need?We need two.（数（数词）词）I enjoy working with you.（动名词）（动名词）I hope to see you again.（不定式）（不定式）Did
14、you write down what he said?（宾语从（宾语从句）句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介介宾宾 Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow,there are many rocks.3）双宾语）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some moneyv(四四)挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语v My brother hasnt done his homework.v People
15、all over the world speak English.v You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.v How many new words did you learn last class?v Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.v his homework English your pronunciation new words to go swimmingv5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。vWe e
16、lected him monitor.（名词）（名词）vWe all think it a pity that she didnt come here.（名词）（名词）vWe will make them happy.（形容词）（形容词）vWe found nobody in.(副词副词)vPlease make yourself at home.（介词短语）（介词短语）Dont let him do that.（省（省to不定式）不定式）vHis father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带（带to不定式）不定式）vDont kee
17、p the lights burning.（现在分词）（现在分词）v Ill have my bike repaired.（过去分词）（过去分词）v扩展：扩展：v主补：对主语的补充。主补：对主语的补充。vHe was elected monitor.vShe was found singing in the next room.vHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.v(五五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语v She likes the children to read newspapers and books in th
18、e reading-room.v He asked her to take the boy out of school.v She found it difficult to do the work.v They call me Lily sometimes.v I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.v Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?v to read newspapers and books in the reading-room to take the boy out of
19、 schoolv Lily get on the bus playing football on the playgroundv 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语v Please tell us a story.v My father bought a new bike for me last week.v Mr.Li is going to teach us history next term.v Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.v Did he leave any message for me?v6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、
20、词组或句子。或句子。vYanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）（名词）vHe is our friend.（代词）（代词）vWe belong to the third world.（数词）（数词）vHe was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）（形容词）vThe man over there is my old friend.(副词副词)vThe woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.(介词介词)vThe boys playing football are i
21、n Class 2.（现在分词）（现在分词）vThe trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去分词）（过去分词）vI have an idea to do it well.（不定（不定式）式）vYou should do everything that I do.（定语从句）（定语从句）v(六六)挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语v They use Mr.,Mrs.with the family name.v What is your given name?v On the third lap are Class 1 and Clas
22、s 3.v I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.v The man downstairs was trying to sleep.family given third some downstairsv7.状语：用来修饰状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or 句子。表示时间、地句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）（以下例句按上述顺序排列）vI will go there tomorrow.vThe meeting will be
23、 held in the meeting room.vThe meat went bad because of the hot weather.vHe studies hard to learn English well.vHe didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.vI like some of you very much.vIf you study hard,you will pass the exam.vHe goes to school by bike.vThough he is young,he can do it well.v
24、(七七)挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语v There was a big smile on her face.v Every night he heard the noise upstairs.v He began to learn English when he was eleven.v The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.v With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.v on the face Every night when he was eleven
25、 fast With the medicine box under her arm v八、同位语八、同位语v当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。后者就是前者的同位语。vMr.Black,our English teacher,is a good tennis player.v我们的英语老师我们的英语老师布莱克先生是个优秀的网布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。球手。v Football,the only interest in life,has brough
26、t him many friends.v足球足球-他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。vYesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothers.v昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。vThats her habit,reading in bed.v躺在床上看书是她的习惯。躺在床上看书是她的习惯。vYour suggestion,to strike while the iron is hot,seemed a good idea.v你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。vHe gave
27、orders that the work should be started immediately.v他发出指示要立即开始工作。他发出指示要立即开始工作。vYou still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday.v你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。v同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括：这些名词包括：fact,doubt,idea,news,hope,indication,decision,
28、possibility,assumption,suggestion,question.这类从句常常有这类从句常常有that引导，有引导，有时也可以用时也可以用what,why,whether,when 等引导。等引导。(九)插入语v插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。v1.插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。v（1）常见的副词及短语：indeed，surely，however，obviously，frankly，naturally，luckily/happ
29、ily for sb.certainly 等。(九九)There be 句型句型 拓展：拓展：There be+句词词组句词词组”中，中，there为虚词，为虚词，be后面的名词后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点：几点：There be句式表示句式表示“有有”时，它表示一种存在关系，时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方（时候）什么地方（时候）有有”。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此外，其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：外，其主
30、语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：1.There is a blackboard in the classroom.2.There are five minutes to go.3.There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.v在正式文体中，该句式中在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：式取决于以下两种情况：v（1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复动词也用复数。数。v（2）该句式中有几个并
31、列主语，则按就近原则）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：例如：v1.There is room for improvement.v2.There are three apples on the table.v3.There were only two pens,a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.v“There be+主语主语+不定式不定式”中，不中，不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不过在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如：过在口语中
32、主动形式更为常见。例如：v1.There is a letter to type today.v2.There is no time to lose.v3.There are many things to be done now.There be句式中，句式中，be动词有各种变化形式。动词有各种变化形式。（1）be动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例如：如：1.There are a lot of people in the meeting-room.2.There
33、was little left.3.There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.4.When he got there,he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room.5.Without air,there would be no living things.6.There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.v（2）There be句式中，句式中，be之前可以有情态动之前可以有情态动词。例如：
34、词。例如：v1.There may be some people who dont like the film.v2.There used to be a temple in the village.句子种类句子种类v一）一）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。使句和感叹句。v1）陈述句（陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。一个事实或陈述一种看法。vLight travels faster than sound.光比声速度光比声速度快。快。vThe film is rather boring.这
35、部电影很乏味。这部电影很乏味。vI havent got a camera.我没有相机我没有相机.vThey have never met before.他们以前从没他们以前从没见过面见过面.v疑问句（疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问）：提出问题。有以下四种题。有以下四种：v a.一般疑问句（一般疑问句（General Questions）：）：v Can you finish the work in time?v 你能按时完成工作吗你能按时完成工作吗？vb.特殊疑问句（特殊疑问句（W Questions;H Questions）v Where do you l
36、ive?你住那儿你住那儿？v How do you know that?你怎么知道那件事你怎么知道那件事v c.选择疑问句（选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：）：v Do you want tea or coffee?v 你是要茶还是要咖啡？你是要茶还是要咖啡？v d.反意疑问句（反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：）：v He knows her,doesnt he?v他不认识她，对不对？他不认识她，对不对？v=Does he know her?vyes,he does.vNo,he doesnt.v3）祈使句（祈使句（Imperative Sentences）
37、：提出请求，）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：建议或发出命令，例如：vSit down,please.请坐。请坐。vDont be nervous!别紧张！别紧张！v4）感叹句（感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：v What good news it is!多好的消息啊！多好的消息啊！vHow good the news is!vWhat beautiful flowers they are!多美丽的花啊多美丽的花啊!vHow beautiful the flowers are!vHow
38、lovely the child is!多可爱的小孩啊多可爱的小孩啊!vWhat a lovely child he is!vwhat a cute child he isv二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：二）句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：v1）简单句（简单句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一）：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如：vShe is fond of collecting stamps.v她喜欢集邮。她喜欢集邮。vWe all study hard.v我们都努力学习我们都努力学习.vI love sports very much.v我非
39、常喜欢运动我非常喜欢运动.vMum made a beautiful skirt for me.v妈妈为我做了一条漂亮的裙子妈妈为我做了一条漂亮的裙子.vWe elected him our class president.v我们选了他做班长我们选了他做班长.vThere are more than 3000 students in our school.v我们学校的学生超过我们学校的学生超过3000名名.v2）并列句（并列句（Compound Sentences）：由两个或两）：由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句.vThe food w
40、as good,but he had little appetite.v食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。v Lets hurry,or we will be late.v 咱们赶紧点咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦要不就迟到啦.vHe studied hard(,)and he passed the exam.v他努力学习并通过了考试他努力学习并通过了考试.vHe felt no fear,for he was very brave.v他很勇敢他很勇敢,毫不畏惧毫不畏惧.vHe was sick,so they were quiet.v他病了他病了,所以他们很安静所以他们很安
41、静.v3）复合句（复合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一）：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如从句由从属连词引导，例如：vThe film had begun when we got to the cinema.v我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了我们到达电影院的时候，电影已经开演了。vDo you know the man who is in the car?v你认识坐在汽车里的人吗你认识坐在汽车里的人吗?vWhat he said is not true.v他说的不是实话他说的不是实话.vI k
42、now its difficult to master a foreign language.v我知道学好一门外语不容易我知道学好一门外语不容易.vThe question is whether he will join us next time.v问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干.vThe idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation.v伊拉克可以在一两周内就可以拿下的这一想法是估计伊拉克可以在一两周内就可以拿下的这一想法是估计不足的想法不足的想法.vTo get into university(=If you want to get into university)you have to pass a number of exams.v进入大学进入大学,你必须通过一系列的考试你必须通过一系列的考试.
