1、 现在分词用法归纳现在分词用法归纳 modified by lexv一、现在分词的结构v二、现在分词的结构含义v三、现在分词的句法功能v四、独立主格结构v五、现在分词的主动表被动含义知识提纲知识提纲 主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式doingdoingbeing donebeing done完成式完成式having donehaving donehaving been having been donedone否定式否定式：在现在分词的前面直接加：在现在分词的前面直接加not v1.现在分词的主动式的一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（havin
2、g+过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：vBeing a student,he was interested in books.vHaving studied in university for 3 years,he knows the way very well.二、现在分词的结构含义二、现在分词的结构含义v2.现在分词的被动式的一般式和完成式。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语式；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式被动形式。如：vThe question being discussed is important.vHaving been cr
3、iticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.v【注注】：being done 不能作状语v having been done 不能作定语v分词不管充当什么成分，都和所修饰的名词或者分词不管充当什么成分，都和所修饰的名词或者代词或者句子的主语形成主谓关系。代词或者句子的主语形成主谓关系。v1.作定语作定语v分词短语作定语时，分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。相当于定语从句。如：vThe man standing by the windows is our teacher.（standing 和所修饰的man形
4、成主谓关系）vIn the following years he worked even harder.三、现在分词的句法功能三、现在分词的句法功能 who is standing by the windows In the years that followed【注注】分词作前置定语分词作前置定语(不同含义）不同含义）1.下列由动词变成形容词化的分词表达不同的含义。下列由动词变成形容词化的分词表达不同的含义。V-ing表示他表示他人他物令人感到怎么样。人他物令人感到怎么样。V-ed本身自己感到怎么样本身自己感到怎么样。interesting,interested;exciting,excit
5、ed;annoying,annoyed;amazing,amazed;amusing,amused;astonishing,astonished;boring,bored;confusing,confused;disappointing,disappointed;encouraging,encouraged;embarrassing,embarrassed;frightening,frightened;inspiring,inspired He had a _(terrifying,terrified)look in his eyes.The boy answered in a _(frigh
6、tening,frightened)voice.terrifiedfrightened His son was .The old man felt unhappy.His son was ,so he regretted not having prepared much for the test.2.2.有些形容词化的分词表到不同的含义。有些形容词化的分词表到不同的含义。V-ingV-ing表示动作正在进行。表示动作正在进行。V-edV-ed表示动作已完成，不表被动。表示动作已完成，不表被动。rising/risen,rising/risen,falling/fallen,falling/fa
7、llen,developing/developeddeveloping/developed,changing/changed,changing/changed,fading/fadedfading/faded,boiled/,boiled/boiling,boiling,drowning/drowneddrowning/drowned China is a China is a developingdeveloping country.(country.(发展中的发展中的)America is a America is a developeddeveloped country.country.
8、（发达的）（发达的）disappointingdisappointedboiling waterboiled waterfading flowers faded flowersa drowning mana drowned man falling leavesfallen leavesa retired workeran escaped prisonerreturned students 正在沸腾的正在沸腾的已经沸腾过的已经沸腾过的正在凋谢的正在凋谢的已经凋谢的已经凋谢的快要淹死的快要淹死的已经淹死的已经淹死的正在飘落的树叶正在飘落的树叶落落 叶叶退休工人退休工人逃犯逃犯 归国留学生归国留学生
9、分词作定语相当于定语从句分词作定语相当于定语从句(1).The boy sitting under that tree is my brother.The boy who is sitting under that tree is my brother.I know the people building the house there.I know the people who are building the house there The building completed last month is a bank The building that was completed las
10、t month is a bank The house being built over there is a shop.被动,正在建 The house that is being built over there is a shop.The house built over there is a shop.（被动、已建好）The house that is built over there is a shop.v2 作表语。如：作表语。如：vThe news is inspiring.v3.作宾语补足语。如：作宾语补足语。如：vWe saw the teacher making the e
11、xperiment.v注意：在注意：在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。如：程结束了）。如：vI saw the girl getting on the bus.v
12、I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.v【注注】：“have+宾语宾语+现在分词现在分词”表示主体表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have+宾语宾语+过去分词过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如：无关。如：vHe had his clothes washed.v（他叫别人洗了衣服。）vWe had the fire burning all day.v（我们使火燃烧了一整天。）1.语态 时态 含义：（主动与被动，一般时与完成时，时间状语，原因状语，方式/伴随状语，条件
13、状语，结果状语，让步状语）v2.主语一致性：分词语态与主句主语一致v3.避免重复连词 v4.否定词位置v5.有些动词是被动结构主动含义v6.有些动词分词作为插入语v7.Being done不做状语4.作状语作状语v主语一致性主语一致性 动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如：辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如：1.Hearing the news,his t
14、ears rolled down his face.When he heard the news,his tears rolled down his face.2.Watered in time,he could grow the flower better than before.Watering the flower in time,he could grow the flower better than before.Watered in time,the flower could grow better than before.错错错错A.作时间状语：作时间状语：_(wander)th
15、rough the square,I caught sight of a snake-charmer.While I was wandering through the square,I caught sight of a snake-charmer.B.作原因状语：作原因状语：_(know)her address,we could get in touch with her.Because we knew her address,we could get in touch with her.WanderingKnowing C.方式方式/伴随状语伴随状语;She watched the fi
16、lm,_(weep)and _(sigh).She watched the film,while she wept and sighedD.作条件状语：作条件状语：_(play)all day,you will waste your valuable time.If you play all day,you will waste your valuable time.weepingsighingPlayingvE.作结果状语：作结果状语：(意料中的结果意料中的结果)The hunters fired,_(shoot)one of the wolves.v区别区别:不定式表示意外的结果不定式表示
17、意外的结果 vHe hurried to the station,only _(find)the train had left.vF.作让步状语：作让步状语：_(rain)heavily,it cleared up very soon.Though it rained heavily,it cleared up very soon.shootingto findRainingv1、某些表示内在品质和性能的不及物动词的非进行体、某些表示内在品质和性能的不及物动词的非进行体形式，如：形式，如：lock(锁锁)，open(开开),clean（弄干净（弄干净,move（移动）（移动）,wash（洗）（
18、洗）,sell（卖）（卖）,write（写）（写）,weigh（称重）（称重）,measure（量）（量）,read（读）（读）,shut（关）（关）,break（打碎）（打碎）,ride（骑）（骑）,wear（穿）（穿）,add up（加起来）等等（加起来）等等,句中往往用物作主语，且与一个行句中往往用物作主语，且与一个行为方式状语（常用作行为方式状语的副词有：为方式状语（常用作行为方式状语的副词有：well,easily,long,fast,smoothly,rough等等）连或用于否等等）连或用于否定，表示某物展示出的该动作的某一特性，该特性促使定，表示某物展示出的该动作的某一特性，该特
19、性促使动作得以实现或难以实现。例如：动作得以实现或难以实现。例如：vGlass breaks easily.玻璃易打碎。玻璃易打碎。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔好写。我的钢笔好写。This kind of car sells very well.这种车销路很好。这种车销路很好。The material wont wear.这种材料不经久耐用。这种材料不经久耐用。四、用主动表达被动含义的动词四、用主动表达被动含义的动词v2、某些表状态的联系动词，如、某些表状态的联系动词，如 look,smell,taste,feel,sound等等，它通常以形容词作表等等，它通常以形容
20、词作表语，一般不跟副词，不与语，一般不跟副词，不与to be连用。连用。vCotton feels soft.棉花摸起来很柔软。棉花摸起来很柔软。He looks blue.他显得神情沮丧。他显得神情沮丧。This dish tastes delicious.这道菜味道鲜美。这道菜味道鲜美。His conclusion sounded reasonable.他的结他的结论听起来很合理。论听起来很合理。有些动词看似被动用主动在用法上的体现 _ delicious,the soup was sold out sooner or later.A.To smell B.Smelled C.Smelt
21、D.Smelling_such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.A.Having suffered B.Suffering C.To suffer D.Suffered DA被动结构主动含义(括号中是对应的主动结词）be seated(sit),be dressed(wear),be devoted to(devote sth.to)be involved in，be addicted to be absorbed in，be faced with(face/face up to)be c
22、onvinced(believe)，be occupied with be determined to ，be intended for based on(depending on)be located in (lie in/stand in)be informed of(know)对比1.The film was made based on a true old story.The film was made depending on a true old story.2.Devoted to his research,he almost forgot everything.Devoting
23、 himself to his research,he almost forgot everything.3.The woman kept her eyes fixed on her baby for quite some time.The woman kept her eyes looking at her baby for quite some time.分词作插入语分词作插入语 但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如：分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：generally speaking一般说来，talking of（speaking of）
24、说道 strictly speaking 严格的说，judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看，considering-考虑到-taking all things into consideration全面看来 provided that-/supposing that-如果-例如：Judging from his face,he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。_the past,our life is becoming much better.A.Comparing with B.Be compared with B.C.To
25、 compare with D.Compared WithD有些动词含义不同，同一动词两种语态1.Considering his age,he is not fit for the job.Considered the best detective,he was sent to track down the assassin2.Judging from past performances,he is not likely to do very well in his exams.Judged unpractical,the plan was abandoned.v下面考考你，看你是否已经掌握了
26、这一点。1._from his accent,he must be from Australia.A.Judging B.Judgedv2._innocent,he was set free.v A.Judging B.Judged3._the state of mind she was in,shed better stay at home.v A.Considering B.Considered4._most useful,English is studied by millions of people in the world.v A.Considering B.Considered5.
27、_to be the symbol of the nation,the Great Wall has been well preserved.vA.Considering B.Considered ABABB动词三种形态比较_(catch)the early bus,he got up early._(catch)the early bus,and you cannot miss the meeting._(catch)the early bus,you cannot miss the meeting.To catchCatchCatching 从句与主句主语不一致时使用 独立结构独立结构名词
28、名词(代词代词)+现在分词、过去分词；现在分词、过去分词；名词名词(代词代词)+形容词；形容词；名词名词(代词代词)+副词；副词；名词名词(代词代词)+不定式；不定式；名词名词(代词代词)+介词短语构成介词短语构成。The letter having been written,he took it to the post When the letter had been written,he took it to the post No one being against it,we will adopt the proposal Since no one is against it,we w
29、ill adopt the proposal v1._ no bus,we had to walk home.A.There was B.There being vC.Because there being D.There werev2._,Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits B.If time permitted C.Time permitting D.Times permitting3._,we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said B.Goodbye had been
30、said C.Goodbye said D.When goodbye said 4._,we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather B.Its being fine weather C.It was fine weather D.It being a fine weather 5._,I had to buy a new one.A.My dictionary losing B.My dictionary having been lost C.My dictionary had been lost D.Because
31、 my dictionary lost 高考连接 6._ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through 7.With a lot of work _,I have to sit up tonight.A.do B.doing C.done D.to do 8.He stood there silently,his lips_.A.trembling B.trembled C.were trembling D.were trembling 9._,her su
32、ggestion is of greater value than yours.A.All things considering B.All things considered C.All things were considered D.With all things were considered I.Multiple choice:1._ the distance was too long and the time was short,we decided not to drive to Florida.A.Discovering B.To discover C.To have disc
33、overed D.Discovered 2.-Hi,Mary.Would you like to go to the concert this evening?-Sorry,Tom._ tomorrows lessons,I have no time to go out with you.A.Not preparing B.Not having prepared C.Not to prepare D.Being not prepared3.The building _ will be completed in a month.It will be our lab building.A.to p
34、aint B.being painted C.to have painted D.painting 4.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest 5.The English exam is not difficult,is it?_.Even Tom _ to the top students failed in it.A.Yes;belongs B.No;belonged C.Ye
35、s;belonging D.No;belonging 6.-What do you suppose made her worried?-_a gold ring.A.Lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing 7.Do you feel like _ out?No.Id rather we _ a taxi.A.to drive;take B.to drive;took C.driving;take D.driving;took 8.At the end of 2004,there were around 6,000 foreign printing co
36、mpanies in China,_ up around 4 percent of national total.A.made B.to make C.making D.having made 10.-Lucy doesnt seem to be what she was.-No_ so much in the war has made her more thoughtful.A.Seen B.Her seeing C.Having seen D.To have seen 11.Is there any possibility of the film_ in Paris Internation
37、al Festival?Not in the least,because audience generally think little of it.A.trying out B.tried out C.to try out D.being tried out12.When she returned home,she found the room lighting and _ A.entered B.entering C.to enter D.enter 13.How did you get in touch with Mrs.Green?Well,it seems to me that yo
38、uve forgotten _her telephone number the other day.A.to tell B.to have told C.telling D.being told 14._several times,the young scientist still kept on making his experiments.A.Having been failed B.Having failed C.Though failed D.Because of failure.14.-What terrible weather!I simply cant get the car-W
39、hy not try _ the engine with some hot water?A.starting;filling B.start;filling C.started;to fill D.to start;fill 15.Thats the best way you thought of_ into the dangerous areas A.stopping people getting B.to stop people getting C.to keep people getting D.prevent people from getting 16._on the top of
40、the mountain is an ancient tower _ back to 2 hundred years ago.A.Standing;dating B.To stand;to dateC.Having stood;dating D.Stand;dated 1.The Olympic Games,1.The Olympic Games,in 776 B.C,did not include women in 776 B.C,did not include women players until 1912.players until 1912.A.first playing B.to
41、be first played A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playingC.first played D.to be first playing4.The boy lay on his back,with his teeth 4.The boy lay on his back,with his teeth ,his right hand,his right hand ,and his glaring eyesand his glaring eyes straight upward.stra
42、ight upward.A.set,raising,looked B.set,raised,looking A.set,raising,looked B.set,raised,looking C.setting,raised,looked D.to set,raising,looking C.setting,raised,looked D.to set,raising,looking5._from space,our earth,with water 70%of its surface,appears as a“blue planet”.A.Seeing,covering B.Having s
43、een,covered C.To see,covered D.Seen,covering6.My brother left the work half ,for you can find many books scattered on the floor.A.done,lying B.doing,lain C.do,lay D.did,lie8.Having been served lunch .A.the problem was discussed by the members of the clubB.the members of the club discussed the proble
44、mC.it was discussed by the members of the clubD.a discussion of the problem was made by the members9.He has lots of books,that he is still young.A.considering B.considered C.being considered D.our considering10.“more attention,my pronunciation will be improved greatly.”,and“_more time,I will improve
45、 my pronunciation greatly”.A.Given,Giving B.Given,Given C.Giving,Giving D.Giving,Given11.Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.A.pay B.paying C.paid D.to pay13._is know to all,China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 year time.A.That,advancing B.This advanced C.As,advanced
46、D.It,advancing14.Jack didnt get his bicycle soon enough at Jacks,for John had a lot of bicycles _at the time.A.to be repaired,to repair B.repaired,to repair C.to repair,to be repaired D.to repair,repaired15.She felt rather that she should drive the car at such a speed.A.frightening,frightening B.fri
47、ghtened,frightened C.frightening,frightened D.frightened,frightening v16.The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.have written B.to be writtenB.C.being written D.writtenv17.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.follo
48、wingB.C.to be followed D.being followedv18._,liquids can be changed into gases.vA.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heatv19.The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.vA.to prepare B.preparing vC.prepared D.was preparingv20._ a reply,he decided to write again.vA.Not re
49、ceivingB.Receiving notv C.Not having received D.Having not receivedv21.He wrote a letter to his sister,_ that he would not come back.vA.saying B.to tell C.and telling D.toldv22.We must keep them _ of what is going on here.vA.informingB.informedv C.to inform D.being informedv23._ to leave the work _,
50、they kept at it,_ up until 2 oclock.vA.Not wanting,unfinished,stayed;v B.Not to want,unfinishing,stayed vC.Not wanting,unfinished,staying;D.Not to wanting,unfinishing,stayingv25.It isnt _ that he failed to pass the exam.vA.surpriseB.surprisingvC.surprisedD.to surprisev26.Climbing mountains is _,so w
