1、Safety EngineeringNASAs illustration showing high impact risk areas for the International Space StationSafety engineering is an engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety.It is strongly related to industrial engineering/systems engineering,and th
2、e subset system safety engineering.Safety engineering assures that a life-critical system behaves as needed,even when components fail.常用术语 危险：hazard 安全：safe 事故：accident 风险：risk 灾害：disaster 系统：system 可靠性：reliability 安全分析：safety analysis 安全评价：safety evaluation Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety m
3、anagement 安全管理 Physical conditions 物质条件 Loss prevention 损失预防 Top management高层管理人员 Human errors人因失误 Hazard control 危险控制 Corporate culture 企业文化 Risking taking 冒险行为 Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会 Unionized company 集团公司 Safety principle 安全规则 Status review 状态审查 Supervisory level 监督层 Implement
4、 plan 执行计划 Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design and manage complex systems over their life cycles.At its core systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principle
5、s to organize this body of knowledge.Issues such as requirements engineering,reliability,logistics,coordination of different teams,testing and evaluation,maintainability and many other disciplines necessary for successful system development,design,implementation,and ultimate decommission become more
6、 difficult when dealing with large or complex projects.System Engineering Systems engineering deals with work-processes,optimization methods,and risk management tools in such projects.It overlaps technical and human-centered disciplines such as industrial engineering,mechanical engineering,manufactu
7、ring engineering,control engineering,software engineering,electrical engineering,cybernetics,organizational studies and project management.Systems engineering ensures that all likely aspects of a project or system are considered,and integrated into a whole.The systems engineering process is a discov
8、ery process that is quite unlike a manufacturing process.A manufacturing process is focused on repetitive activities that achieve high quality outputs with minimum cost and time.The systems engineering process must begin by discovering the real problems that need to be resolved,and identify the most
9、 probable or highest impact failures that can occur systems engineering involves finding elegant solutions to these problems.System characteristics:Unity整体性 Relativity相关性 Objective,Goal&Function目的性和功能性 Adaptability to the Environment环境适应性 Dynamic动态性 System has its own order有序性Classification of syste
10、m Natural and Human-Made System 自然系统和人工系统 Physical and Conceptual System 实体系统和抽象系统 Static and Dynamic System 静态系统和动态系统 Control and Behavior System 控制系统和行为系统 Open and Closed System 开放系统和封闭系统System engineering method Engineering logic Engineering analysis Statistical theory and probability theory Oper
11、ations researchSystem engineering principle 系统原理 整分合原理 反馈原理 弹性原理 封闭原理 能级原理 动力原理 激励原理 System principle Principle of integral-division Feedback principle Elasticity principle Closure principle Energy level principle Dynamic principle Incentive principleSafety System Engineering1.Features of safety sys
12、tem 系统性 开放性 确定性与非确定性 有序与无序的统一体 突变性或畸变性 Systematicness Openness Certainty and uncertainty Unity of order and disorder Sudden or abnormal degeneration2.Safety System Engineering Definition 安全系统工程是运用系统工程方法，识别、分析、评价系统寿命周期中的危险性，根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素，控制可能发生的事故，使系统处于最佳安全状态。Definition Safety system
13、engineering is a method of using system engineering to identify,analyze and evaluate the hazards in the life cycle of a system.According to the results,it adjusts the process,equipment,operation,management,production cycle,investment and other factors to control the possible accidents,so that the sy
14、stem is in the optimal security state.Three subsystems:Human subsystemsMachine subsystemsEnvironment subsystem3.Research object of safety system engineering These three interrelated,mutually constrained,interactive subsystems constitute an organic whole of a human-machine-environment system.Analysis
15、,evaluation,control human-machine-environment system security,can really solve the system safety issues.4.Research contents of safety system engineering The basic task of safety systems engineering is to predict,evaluate and control hazards.The analysis process can be summarized as follows:System sa
16、fety analysis(identification and forecasting hazards);Risk(safety)evaluation(including human,machine,material,craft,environment,organization,etc);Comparison;Comprehensive evaluation;Optimize the decision of the plan.The main technical means can be summarized as system safety analysis,system safety e
17、valuation and safety decision-making and accident control.System Safety AnalysisSystem Safety Analysis Through the system safety analysis,you can identify the dangerous sources in the system,analyze the possible dangerous states,estimate the probability of the accident,the possible damage and the se
18、verity of the consequences,by modifying the system design or change the control system to run the program.main contentInvestigate and analyze the various dangerous sources and their relations in the systemConduct investigation and analysis of system-related environmental conditions,equipment,personn
19、el and other relevant factorsAnalyze measures that can take advantage of appropriate equipment,procedures,processes or materials,control or eradicate a particular hazard sourceInvestigating and analyzing hazard control measures and the best way to implement these measuresInvestigation and analysis o
20、f dangerous sources that can not be eradicated to lose or reduce the possible consequences of controlInvestigation and analysis of safety hazards in order to prevent injury and loss if the hazard is out of controlCommon method 预先危险性分析（PHA）安全检查表分析（SCA）故障模式及影响分析（FEMA）危险和可操作性研究(HAZOP)事件树分析(ETA)事故树分析（FT
21、A)系统可靠性分析（）原因-后果分析（CCA)Preliminary Hazard Analysis Safety Checklist Analysis Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Hazard and Operability Analysis Event Tree Analysis Fault Tree Analysis System Reliability Analysis Cause Censequence analysisClassification 归纳法预先危险性分析安全检查表事故模式及影响分析致命度分析可操作性分析共同原因分析演绎法事故树分析
22、事件树分析可靠性分析原因后果分析定性分析预先危险性分析安全检查表可操作性分析共同原因分析事故模式及影响分析定量分析事故树分析事件树分析原因后观分析致命度分析可靠性分析InductionQualitative analysisQuantitative analysisDeduction Preliminary Hazard Analysis(PHA)，是在每项工作活动之前，对系统存在的危险类型、来源、出现条件、到事故后果及相关措施，作一概略分析。总之，即在行动之前作一安全分析，以避免考虑不周造成的各种损失。1、Main content of PHA 识别危险的设备、零部件并分析其发生的可能性和条
23、件；Identify dangerous equipment,parts and analyze the likelihood and conditions of their occurrence;分析系统中各子系统，各元件的交接面及其相互关系与影响；Analysis of the subsystems in the system,the components of the intersection and their relationship&influence;分析物质危险性（MSDS，相关的检测）；Analysis of material hazards 分析工艺过程危险性(含装置存在的
24、危险性)；Analyze the process hazard(including the presence of the device)人、机关系(操作、维修等)Human-machine relationship 环境条件危险性分析；Risk analysis of environmental conditions 防护措施和安全保障分析。Protection measures and safety and security analysis.2、advantages 分析工作在行动之前，可以及早排除、降低和控制危险；Early elimination,reduction and cont
25、rol of hazards;系统开发、设计、制造、安装、检修等过程的分析结果，可以作为应遵循的注意事项和指导方针；Guidelines 可为制定标准和规范提供必要资料；可以作为安全教育的教材。Safety education General steps Preliminary Hazard Analysis including three stages:preparation,review,and the results summary 确定系统对象；资料调查收集；系统功能分解；分析辨识危险；确定危险等级；制定措施；实施措施。Determine the system object;Data
26、collection;System function decomposition;Analysis and identification of hazards;Determine the hazard level;Develop measures;Implementing measures.分析、辩识危险 Dangerous and harmful factors危险、有害因素固有危险性贮运过程危险性其他相关危险性(职业病等)使用中的危险物料采用可能危险的工艺过程危险装置和危险操作单元Inherent riskOccupational diseaseRisk of storage1、Safet
27、y Analysis of Household Water Heater 热水器用煤气加热，装有温度和煤气开关连锁，当水温超过规定温度时，连锁动作将煤气阀门关小；如果发生故障，则由泄压安全阀放出热水，防止事故发生。为了防止煤气漏出和炉膛内滞留煤气在热水器内设有燃气安全控制系统，由长明火、热电偶和电磁阀组成。由于长明火存在，即使溢出煤气也不会发生爆炸。若长明火灭了，热电偶起作用，通过电磁阀将煤气关闭，防止事故发生。Water heater heating by coalgas.It equipped with temperature and gas switch chain,when the w
28、ater temperature exceeds the specified temperature,the chain action will close the gas valve;If the fault occurs,accidents prevented by the hot water release from pressure relief valve.In order to prevent gas leakage and furnace gas retention,the gas safety control system is located outside the heat
29、er.In order to prevent gas leakage and furnace gas retention.Gas safety control system consists of everlasting fire,thermocouple and electromagnetic valve.Due to the existence of everlasting fire,explosion will never happen even if the gas leak.If the fire is off,the thermocouple work and turn off g
30、as by electromagnetic valve for preventing accidents.Fault Tree Analysis Fault tree analysis(FTA)is a top down,deductive failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events.Fault Tree Analysis This analysis method is main
31、ly used in the fields of safety engineering and reliability engineering to understand how systems can fail,to identify the best ways to reduce risk or to determine(or get a feeling for)event rates of a safety accident or a particular system level(functional)failure.Fault Tree Analysis The basic symb
32、ols used in FTA are grouped as events,gates,and transfer symbols.Failure mode and effects analysis Failure mode and effects analysis(FMEA)also failure modes,plural,in many publicationswas one of the first highly structured,systematic techniques for failure analysis.Risk is the combination of End Eff
33、ect Probability And Severity 激励学生学习的名言格言激励学生学习的名言格言220、每一个成功者都有一个开始。勇于开始，才能找到成功的路。221、世界会向那些有目标和远见的人让路（冯两努香港著名推销商）222、绊脚石乃是进身之阶。223、销售世界上第一号的产品不是汽车，而是自己。在你成功地把自己推销给别人之前，你必须百分之百的把自己推销给自己。224、即使爬到最高的山上，一次也只能脚踏实地地迈一步。225、积极思考造成积极人生，消极思考造成消极人生。226、人之所以有一张嘴，而有两只耳朵，原因是听的要比说的多一倍。227、别想一下造出大海，必须先由小河川开始。228、
34、有事者，事竟成；破釜沉舟，百二秦关终归楚；苦心人，天不负；卧薪尝胆，三千越甲可吞吴。229、以诚感人者，人亦诚而应。230、积极的人在每一次忧患中都看到一个机会，而消极的人则在每个机会都看到某种忧患。231、出门走好路，出口说好话，出手做好事。232、旁观者的姓名永远爬不到比赛的计分板上。233、怠惰是贫穷的制造厂。234、莫找借口失败，只找理由成功。（不为失败找理由，要为成功找方法）235、如果我们想要更多的玫瑰花，就必须种植更多的玫瑰树。236、伟人之所以伟大，是因为他与别人共处逆境时，别人失去了信心，他却下决心实现自己的目标。237、世上没有绝望的处境，只有对处境绝望的人。238、回避现
35、实的人，未来将更不理想。239、当你感到悲哀痛苦时，最好是去学些什么东西。学习会使你永远立于不败之地。240、伟人所达到并保持着的高处，并不是一飞就到的，而是他们在同伴们都睡着的时候，一步步艰辛地向上爬241、世界上那些最容易的事情中，拖延时间最不费力。242、坚韧是成功的一大要素，只要在门上敲得够久、够大声，终会把人唤醒的。243、人之所以能，是相信能。244、没有口水与汗水，就没有成功的泪水。245、一个有信念者所开发出的力量，大于99个只有兴趣者。246、环境不会改变，解决之道在于改变自己。247、两粒种子，一片森林。248、每一发奋努力的背后，必有加倍的赏赐。249、如果你希望成功，以恒心为良友，以经验为参谋，以小心为兄弟，以希望为哨兵。250、大多数人想要改造这个世界，但却罕有人想改造自己。
