1、ManagementXinchi Wang0514-Chapter 2 management yesterday and todayLearning Outline of Chapter 2 historical background of management scientific management general administrative theory quantitative approach toward understanding organizational behavior the systems approach the contingency approach cur
2、rent trends and issueshistorical background of managementTwo historical events are especially significant to the study of management:Division of labor(or job specialization)Industrial revolutionThe six major approaches to management:Scientific management,general administrative,quantitative approach,
3、organizational behavior,systems,and contingency.Why studying management history is important?Looking at management history can help us understand todays management theory and practice.It can help us see what did and did not work.Scientific management1911,the year the modern management theory was bor
4、n.Frederick Winslow TaylorPrinciples of Scientific managementThe theory of scientific management:the use of scientific methods to define the“one best way”for a job to be done.Take it easy,one best wayFrank and Lillian Gilbreth Taylors four principles of managementDevelop a science for each element o
5、f an individuals work,which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.Scientifically select and then train,teach,and develop the worker.Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.Divide work and r
6、esponsibility almost equally between management and workers.Management takes over all for which it is better fitted than the workers.career advancement based on meritQuantitative Approach to managementThe use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making.Operations research or management sci
7、ence.The quantitative approach contributes directly to management decision making in the areas of planning and control.Toward understanding organizational behaviorA series of studies during the 1920s and 1930s that provided new insights into individual and group behavior.Western Electric Company wor
8、ks in CiceroHarvard processor Elton Mayo Systema set interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.The systems approach implies that:have to know that all these interdependent units are working together so that the organizations goals can be achieved.Decisi
9、ons and actions taken in one organizational area will affect others and vice versa.Organizations are not self-contained(it is open).Negative entropyThe contingency approachSituational approachAppropriate managerial action depends on the particular parameters of the situation.Universal views:same man
10、agerial principles apply to every situation.Contingency views:appropriate managerial action depends on the situation.Classical theorists,such as Taylor and Fayol,tried to find“the one best way”for managers to operate.The primary value of the contingency approach is that it stresses there are no simp
11、listic or universal rules for managers to follow.Globalization the world has definitely become a global village,leading to important changes in the managers job.Working with people from different cultures.Coping with anticapitalist backlash.Movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labor.EthicsWorkforce diversityEntrepreneurshipManaging in an E-business worldKnowledge management and learning organizationsQuality management
