1、a.“Renaissance”a French word,meaning “rebirth”,“revival”，苏醒；复活；复兴苏醒；复活；复兴。b.It is first used to indicate a revival of classical(Greek and Rome)arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism（中世纪中世纪蒙蒙昧主义昧主义）.c.Now it is used to indicate the intellectual and literary movement over Europe
2、 from the 14th to the early 17th century.d.A great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.e.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.CONTENTSRenaissanceinItalyTheNorthernRenaissanceDeclineoftheItalianRenaissanceHistoricalBackground TheRiseofHu
3、manismNewLiterature&RenaissanceArtRenaissanceinItalyHistoricalBackground Increased TradeSiege of Constantinople Black Death At the height of the Renaissance there were five major city-states in Italy:the combined state of Naples and Sicily,the Papal State,Florence,Milan,and Venice.City-statesFlorenc
4、eMedici Family Verrocchio Lorenzo de Medici Venice Genoa The rise of humanismTheassertionofthegreatnessofmanEmergenceofuniversities,librariesandacademiesAdmirationforthebeautyofhumanbodyEarlyhumanistsHumanism The study and propagation增殖，繁殖增殖，繁殖,广传，传播广传，传播 of classical learning and art was carried on
5、 by the progressive thinkers of humanists.They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical基督教会的；教士的基督教会的；教士的 knowledge,but in man,his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny暴政，暴政，专制专制 of the church and religious dogmas教条教条.GiovanniBoccaccioThreefoun
6、tainsoftheRenaissanceNew literatureFrancescoPetrarcaDurantedegliAlighieriGiovanni Boccaccio AnauthorandpoetAfriend,student,andcorrespondentofPetrarchAnimportantRenaissancehumanistWorks:Decameron(十日谈)On Famous Women DecameronName:also called Prince Galehaut Type:14th-centurymedievalallegory（寓言）（寓言）Co
7、ntents:aframestoryencompassing100talesbytenyoungpeople.Literary influence:thecompellingwayinwhichthetaleswerewrittenandtheiralmostexclusivelyRenaissanceflair（洞察力）madethestoriesfromtheDecameronanirresistiblesourcethatmanylaterwritersborrowedfrom.Francisco Petrarch(1304-1374）is a poet,humanist during
8、the Renaissance in Italy.He is the earliest classical works of scholars and importance of the study.Besides,he find a people-centric view of the world without god.Father of Humanism Francisco PetrarchCanzoniere （歌集）（歌集）The central theme:theloveforLauraInfluence:In1380,Chaucer（乔叟）adoptedpartoftheCanz
9、onieretoformthreestanzasofrhymeroyalinTroilus and Criseyde（特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达）.Other themes:religion,poetry,politics,time,gloryLauraOnApril6,1327,GoodFriday,afterPetrarchgaveuphisvocationasapriest,thesightofawomancalledLaurainthechurchandawokeinhimalastingpassion.Sheislovelytolookat,fair-haired,withamodest,
10、dignifiedbearing.Sherefusedhimfortheveryproperreasonthatshewasalreadymarriedtoanotherman.The Eyes That Drew from Me Theeyesthatdrewfrommesuchferventpraise那眼睛吸引我发出热情的赞美，Thearmsandhandsandfeatandcountenance还有柔臂、纤手、鲜活的面庞，Whichmademeastrangerinmyownromance浪漫的激情曾使我完全变了样，Andsetmeapartfromthewell-troddenwa
11、ys;远离了人群的喧闹，独自沉醉；Thegleaminggoldencurlyhair,therays闪闪发光的金色卷发在飘飞，Flashingfromasmilingangelsglance那是微笑的天使洒下的目光，Whichmovedtheworldinparadisaldance,世界舞蹈着，欢快地进入天堂，Aregrainsofdust,insensibilities.而今一切都冷却了，化为尘灰。Durante degli AlighieriDurante degli Alighieri(1265-1321),commonly known as Dante,was a major It
12、alian poet of the Middle Ages.His Divine Comedy,originally called Commedia and later called Divina by Boccaccio,is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.The Divine Comedy is composed of 14,233 lines that are divided into three ca
13、nticas(Ital.pl.cantiche)Inferno(Hell),Purgatorio(Purgatory),and Paradiso(Paradise)each consisting of 33 cantos(Ital.pl.canti).The poem tells of Dantes journey through the three realms(领域)of the dead,lasting from the night before Good Friday to the Wednesday after Easter in the spring of 1300.The Rom
14、an poet Virgil guides him through Hell and Purgatory;Beatrice,Dantes ideal woman,guides him through Heaven.Inferno Allegorically(比喻地),the Inferno represents the Christian soul seeing sin for what it really is,and the three beasts represent three types of sin:the self-indulgent(自我放纵的),the violent,and
15、 the malicious(恶毒的).These three types of sin also provide the three main divisions of Dantes Hell:Upper Hell(the first 5 Circles)for the self-indulgent sins;Circles 6 and 7 for the violent sins;and Circles 8 and 9 for the malicious sins.Purgatory Allegorically,the Purgatorio represents the Christian
16、 life.Christian souls arrive escorted(护送)by an angel,singing in exitu Israel de Aegypto.In his Letter to Cangrande,Dante explains that this reference to Israel leaving Egypt refers both to the redemption(赎罪)of Christ and to“the conversion of the soul from the sorrow（懊悔）and misery of sin to the state
17、 of grace.Appropriately,therefore,it is Easter Sunday when Dante and Virgil arrive.Paradise After an initial ascension（上升）,Beatrice guides Dante through the nine celestial（天上的）spheres of Heaven.These are concentric and spherical,as in Aristotelian and Ptolemaic cosmology.While the structures of the
18、Inferno and Purgatorio were based on different classifications of sin,the structure of the Paradiso is based on the four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues.Dante meets and converses with several great saints（圣人）of the Church,including Thomas Aquinas,St Bonaventure,St Peter,and St Joh
19、n.The Paradiso is consequently more theological in nature than the Inferno and the Purgatorio.However,Dante admits the vision of heaven he receives is the one that his human eyes permit him to see,and the vision of heaven found in the Cantos（诗章）is Dantes own personal one.The Divine Comedy finishes w
20、ith Dante seeing the Triune God（三位一体的上帝）.In a flash of understanding,which he cannot express,Dante finally understands the mystery of Christs divinity and humanity,and his soul becomes aligned with Gods love.Renaissance ArtGiottoFilippo BrunelleschiDonatello GiorgioneLeonardo da VinciMichelangeloRap
21、haelGiottoAnItalianpainterandarchitectfromFlorenceinthelateMiddleAges.ThefirstinalineofgreatartistswhocontributedtotheItalianRenaissance.Works:Flight into Egypt Betrayal of JudasThe Mourning of Christ Flight into EgyptBetrayal of JudasThe Mourning of ChristFilippo BrunelleschiOneoftheforemostarchite
22、ctsandengineersStudiesoflinearperspective（直线透视法）Works:Florence Cathedral dome Donatello AnartistandsculptorfromFlorencePerspectivalillusionism（错觉艺术的手法）Workinbas-relief（浅浮雕）aformofshallowreliefsculptureWorks:David;The Gattamelata Equestrian StatueDavid The Gattamelata Equestrian StatueGiorgioneVeneti
23、anpainterElusive（难懂的）poeticqualityofhisworkOneofthemostmysteriousfiguresinEuropeanpaintingWorks:The TempestSleeping VenusThe Tempest Sleeping VenusLeonardo da Vinci AnItalianRenaissancepolymath:painter,sculptor,architect,musician,scientist,mathematician,engineer,inventor,anatomist,geologist,cartogra
24、pher,botanist,andwriter.Works:Last Supper;Mona LisaPerhapsthemostdiverselytalentedpersonevertohavelived.ArchetypeoftheRenaissanceMan.MichelangeloAnsculptor,painter,architect,poet,andengineer.Thegreatestlivingartistinhislifetime,oneofthegreatestartistsofalltimeAcontender(竞争者)forthetitleofthearchetypa
25、l（典型）Renaissanceman,alongwithfellowItalianLeonardodaVinci.David Ceiling of SistineSistine Chapel 西斯廷教堂西斯廷教堂:the private church in the Vatican for Pope,famous for the magnificent designs and frescoes made by Michelangelo during the Renaissance.MosesPietaRaphaelAnunusuallylargeworkshopAnpainterandarch
26、itectClarityofformandeaseofcompositionOneofthetraditionaltrinityofgreatmastersofthatperiodWorks:School of Athens;Sistine Madonna Madonna of the Meadow,a“pastoral”work,which means it has to do with the village or country life.School of AthensCONTENTSTheNorthernRenaissance Renaissance ideas soon sprea
27、d beyond Italy to northern Europe by means of trade,travel,and printed material,influencing the art and ideas of the north.Ascitiesgrew,vasttradingnetworkspreadacrossnorthernEuropeNetworkdominatedbyHanseatic League（汉萨同（汉萨同盟）盟）,merchantorganization,1200sto1400s NorthernEuropeanstradedideas,goods;spre
28、adItalianRenaissancenorth Fleeing violence,Italianartistsbroughthumanistideas,paintingtechniquesnorth NorthernscholarstraveledtoItaly,broughtideashome Universities startedinFrance,Netherlands,GermanyPrinting Press Mid-1400s,Johannes Gutenbergcastlettersofalphabetonmetal plates,lockedmetalplatesonwoo
29、denpress;perfectedmovabletypeprinting Result,oneofmostdramaticupheavals（剧变）worldhaseverknownA Book RevolutionPrinted Word Available to More Beforeonlywaytoreproducewritingwasbyhand;long,painstaking（费力的）process Withmovabletype,textquicklyprinted;producingbooksfaster,cheaper Easieraccesstobooksprompte
30、dmorepeopletolearntoreadCombinedChristianideas,humanismWroteofpure,simpleChristianlife,educatingchildrenFannedflamesofdiscontentRomanCatholicChurchcensored,condemnedworksDesiderius ErasmusItalian-bornwriterfocusedonroleofwomeninsocietyGrewupinFrenchcourtofCharlesV;turnedtowritingwhenwidowed（成寡妇）Cham
31、pionedequality,educationforwomenChristine de Pisan（克里斯蒂娜克里斯蒂娜德德皮桑皮桑）Franois Rabelais（拉伯雷）was a major French Renaissance writer,doctor and Renaissance humanist and was a monk and Greek scholar.He has historically been regarded as a writer of fantasy,satire,the grotesque(丑陋的),and bawdy jokes and songs
32、.He wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人传.He is known as the most influential man on the Spanish language.His best know work is Don Quixote,a story about the hero Don Quixote and his companion Sancho Panza.Cervantes（塞万提斯）（塞万提斯）Thomas MoreSir Thomas More(1478 1535)was an English lawyer,social philosopher
33、,author,statesman and noted Renaissance humanist.He was an important councilor to Henry VIII of England and was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and in particular of Martin Luther.More coined the word“utopia”(乌托邦乌托邦)a name he gave to the ideal,imaginary island nation whose political system
34、he described in Utopia,published in 1516.ShakespeareShakespeare(1564 1616)was a playwright that lived through the Elizabethan period of England.His plays are known for being full of archetypes(原型)and cleverly depicting the“human condition.”1564,Born in Stratford-on-Avon，the son of groceries business
35、man in the town,18 married;Leaving home for London to make living at about 22,doing as the groom,actor and playwright;Starting writing plays at about 30 years old;5 years later,becoming universal shareholder of troupe;1610,retired to Stratford;1616,died.Shakespeares life(1564-1616)Shakespeares writi
36、ng1)154 sonnets（十四行诗）,two long narrative poems 2)HistoriesRepresentative works:Henry IV Richard III3)ComedyThe merchant of Venicemidsummer nights dreamhappy twelfth night Shakespeares writing4)TragedyHamletOthelloMacbeth King Lear Shakespeares writing5）Tragicomedy(straight part)Romeo and Juliet Shak
37、espeares writingTips:1.To be or not to be，thats a question.生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题 2.Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.宁为聪明的愚夫，不作愚蠢的才子。宁为聪明的愚夫，不作愚蠢的才子。3.Cowards before death,in good times already dead,The valiant only once in every thing,died in peoples afraid to die is a most stra
38、nge things.懦夫在未死以前，就已经死了好多次；勇士一生只死一次，懦夫在未死以前，就已经死了好多次；勇士一生只死一次，在一切怪事中，人们的贪生怕死就是一件最奇怪的事情。在一切怪事中，人们的贪生怕死就是一件最奇怪的事情。Shall I Compare Thee to a Summers Day?(我想将你比作迷人的夏日我想将你比作迷人的夏日)Shall I compare thee(you)to a summers day?我想将你比作迷人的夏日，Thou(you)art(are)more lovely and more temperate;但汝却更显可爱和温存；Rough winds
39、do shake the darling buds of May,狂野之风摧残着五月蓓蕾的柔媚，And summers lease(夏日的租约)hath all too short a date;也一天天消逝着夏日的归期；Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven（指太阳）shine 苍天的明眸偶然泻出璀璨，And often is his gold complexion dimmed;却难以辉映他暗淡的容颜；And every fair（美好的人或物）from fair（美好的状态）sometimes declines,一切明媚的色彩渐已消褪，Shakespear
40、es literary positionIn western literary history,only very individual writers have qualified say:without him,the literature will become another way.Shakespeare is one of the most qualified.Shakespeare is the history of the greatest playwright and poet,is one of the worlds four other writers.Ben jonson said Shakespeare is time spirit,and do not belong to the century and belongs to all.The EndThank You
