1、Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Eukaryotic MicroorganismEukaryotic Microorganism Eukaryotic microorganisms have the nuclear membrane coating a cell nucleus,carry out mitosis,and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm.They mainly include yeast(unicelluar fungi),filamentous fungi,microalgae and protozoa.Thus,the euka
2、ryotic microorganisms is not a natural monophyletic taxon.The Fungi is one of the most significant kingdoms in these Eukaryotic microorganisms which have more species.Definition Molds Mushrooms Fungi Yeasts Microalgae Algae ProtozoaEukaryotic Microorganisms The kingdom Fungi is a natural taxon.Membe
3、rs in this kingdom involve very tiny yeast and larger mushroom.In the biologists viewpoint,this term fungus indicates those organisms that have true nucleus,produce spores by asexual or sexual reproduction,absorb the nourishment material,have no chloroplast.As the development of biosystematics inclu
4、ding fungal systematics,some organisms that were thought to been belong to the Fungi in the past have been classificated into other kingdoms now,For example,Oomycetes and Hyphochytidiomycetes is put into the kingdom Chromista or Straminipila,Myxomycetes and Plasmodiophoremycetes into the Protozoa.Ma
5、jor characters of fungi with a real nucleus having no chloroplast and photosynthesisvegetative bodies are usually developing filamentous and branched structure as well as unicell typically forming asexual and sexual reproductive sporescontaining chitin in the cell wallheterotrophy by absorptionmore
6、living adaptively in the land The comparison between Protokaryotic and Eukaryotic MicroorganismsitemEukaryotic microorganismsProkaryotic mocroorganismscell sizelarger(5mm)smaller(5mm)major component of cell wallcellulose,chitinpeptidoglycancytoplasmmitochondriamesosomelysosomeGolgi bodymicrotubuleca
7、che inclusionStarch et al.PHB et al.ribisome80S70Snucleusnuclear membranenucleoluschromosome1 to several piece,with histone1 piece，without histoneCell WallCell Wallyeast:mannan and glucanfungi：chitinFlagellumCytomembrane9+2 typesterollysosomemicrobodylomasomehydrogenosomeCytoplasma and Cell Nucleous
8、vacuolemitochondriaSection 1 Filamentous fungiMolds Fungi also are extensive to distribute in moist place and are very important to mankind,the current benefit is again harmful.At the vegetative stage,the fungi mainly exit in a form of hypha.Mold is the popularized name of filamentous fungi.There ar
9、e filamentous fungi nearly throughout the world.Cited from“Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus”edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）MyceliumSeptate hyphae andnon-septate hyphaeVegetative bodiesSeptum of hyphaThe structure of hyphaThe cell structure of fungiCited from“Taxonomic illustration of the funga
10、l genus”edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）lomasomelomasome of Bipolaris maydisCited from“General Mycology”edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）The structure of the hypha top:prolongation section,rigidufication section,formation section of secondary wall,maturation section,septum section,septa section
11、 Cited from“Microbiological course”edited by Zhou Deqing（1993）The top(prolongation section and rigidufication section),maturation section,septum section and so onCited from“Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus”edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）Hyphal tissuePseudoparenchyma Prosenchyma More Complicate
12、d Mycelium TissuesclerotiumstromarhizomorphCited from“Taxonomic illustration of the fungal genus”edited by Zhou Maofan（1983）Cited from“General Mycology”edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）sclerotia Specialized vegetative bodiesFruiting bodiesrhizoid,haustorium,tenaculum,hyphopodium,stolen,rin
13、g,net and so on Asexual,such as pycnidiumSexual,such as perithecium specialized vegetative bodies rhizoid haustorium Cited from“General Mycology”edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）specialized vegetative bodies ring and netringnetA ellworm being captured by the rings under the transmitted ele
14、ctronic microscopy specialized vegetative bodiesappresoriuminfection hyphaappresoriuma sporebudReproduction Asexual spores are formed by the aerial mycelium of one organism.When these spores germinate,they become organisms that are genetically identical to the parent.Sexual spores result from the fu
15、sion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same species of fungus.Organisms that grow from sexual spores will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains.Asexual Fruiting BodyA、Zoosporangium and zoosporangiophoreB、Sporangium and sporangiophoreC、Conidium and conidiophoreD、Conidi
16、um and synnemaE、Conidium and pycnidiumF、Conidium and acervulusG、Conidium and sporodochium asexual fruiting bodies in Deuteromycotina pycnidiumacervulussporodochiumconidiaconidiasetaeThe conidia of many fungi usually form in a certain fruiting body,such as pycnidium,sporodochium and acervulus.sporang
17、ium and sporangiophore asexual fruiting bodies in Zygomycotina Sexual Fruiting BodyA、BasidiocarpB、Ascocarp（1）Cleistotricium（2）Perithecium（3）Apothecium（4）Ascostroma Sexual Fruiting Body in AscomycotinaCleistotriciumPeritheciumApothecium Sexual Fruiting Bodies in AscomycotinaCleistotricium Perithecium
18、 ApotheciumCited from“Microbiological course”edited by Zhou Deqing（1993）asexual sporesLower fungi:zoospores,sporangiosporesHigher fungi:conidia,chlamydospores,ballistospores Conidia of Penicillum Penicillum sp.(1,560)Penicillum sp.(3,220)conidia of Aspergillus sp.chlamydosporeA fungal sexual spore r
19、esults from sexual reproduction,consisting of three phases:1.A haploid nucleus of a donor cell(+)penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell(Plasmogamy).2.The(+)and(-)nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nucleus(Karyogamy).3.By meiosis,the diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei(sexual spores)
20、,some of which may be genetic recombinants(Meiosis).Sexual Sporeslower fungi:oospores(Mastigomycotina),zygospores(Zygomycotina)higher fungi:ascospores(Ascomycotina),basidiospores(Basidiomycotina)zygospores sexual spores basidium and ascospores basidium and ascospores basidiospores basidiosporesItemS
21、pores of fungiEndospores of bacteriasizelargersmallernumberseveral produced from a hypha or a somaone produced from a cellshapevarious shape and coloursimple shapeforming placeether in the cell or out the cell only in the cellcell nucleuseukaryoticprokaryoticfunctionthe most important reproduction f
22、ormresistant structure,but reproduction formresistant to heateasily killed at 6070C rapidlyusually killed at more 100C and in several minuteskinds producing themproduced by most speciesproduced by a little speciesThe comparison between spores of fungi and endospores of bacteria colonyColony of spore
23、 colour mutant of Aspergillus nidulansMorphology and structure of yeast cellCell wallcytomembranecell nucleusObserved with the phase microscopy through being cultured at 1821%glutin mediumContaining DNA,RNA and chain polyphosphate with incomplete 20-40 phosphate base2 m plasmid（6kb）:60100/cell，its c
24、opy regulated by the nucleus genomeAsexual ReproductionBuddingSchizosaccharomyces sp.This is a process that two cells with different shape and sex carry through plasmogamy,karyogamy and meiosis and bring spores.The sketch map showing the formation of yeast ascosporesKaryogamy(2N)filial generation(NN
25、)Plasmogamy(N+N)buddingbuddingThe Life History of YeastThe life historic type which the haploid and diploid soma coexists.germinationmeiosisfilial generation(2N)N)A.Asexual reproducition:buddingB.Sexual reproduction:bring 4 ascosporesC.With haploid and diploid somaSaccharomyces cerevisiaeCited from“
26、General Mycology”edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）karyogamy(2N)ascospores(N)fissionmeiosisThe haploid type of life history(The diploid soma cannot exist and live by itself.)buddingSchizosaccharomyces octosporusCited from“General Mycology”edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）ascospore
27、s(four)plasmogamykaryogamy（2N）（N+N）（N）buddingmeiosisThe diploid type of life history(The haploid soma cannot exist and live by itself.)germinationA.A.B.B.C.C.charactersSacchromycodes ludwigiiCited from“General Mycology”edited by Xing Laijun and Li Mingchun（1999）drab color:usually milky white being e
28、asy to pick,with trim or coarse rim edgehaving vino aromaSection III Mushroom The mushroom(macrofungi)is used to indicate generally those fungi that produce larger fruting bodies which partial structure can be seen without the aid of instruments.Most of macrofungi belong to the subphylum Basidiomyco
29、tina,few to the Ascomycotina.Evolution HistoryCell StructureIndividual DevelopmentBiological CharectersResearch MethodsThe development of mushroom hyphae The hyphae of mushroom are differentiated into the first hypha with single nucleus,the secondary hypha with two nucleus and the third hypha compos
30、ing basidiocarp.The formation of clamp connectionForming basidiocarpThe type structure of mushroomProducing basidiosporesThe formation of basidiosporesApplication of FungiBenefit aspect(such as industrial production)citric acid,gluconic acid and other organic acidcellulase,protease and other enzymep
31、enicillin,cephalosporin and other antibioticssauce,crme and other traditional flavor foodHarmful aspectThe Importance of FungiEnzyme Plant DiseaseOrganic acid Animal and mankind diseaseAntibiotics Mould and rotAlkaloid ToxinPhytohormoneBiocontrolBiotransformationSewage treatmentScinetific ResearchFe
32、rmentationEdible mushroomExperimental ModelReferences：1.Zhou Deqing.Microbiological Course.2nd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,20022.Shen Ping.Microbiology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,20003.Xing Laijun,Li Mingchun.General Mycology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,19994.Madigan,MT.Martinko,JM.Parker,J.Brocks Biology of Microorganisms,8th ed.Prentice-Hall Inc.,Upper Saddle River,NJ.19975.Prescott,L.Harley,JP.Klein,DA.Microbiology,5rd ed,Wm C.Brown Communications Inc.Dubuque,IA.20026.Alexopoulos,CJ.,Mims,CW.,Blackwell,M.Introductory Mycology.4th.ed.Ney York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.869pp.1996
