1、Impacts of Stormwater on the Environment雨水对环境的影响Increased Peak Flows flooding提高的洪水水流峰值Accelerated Erosion加速侵蚀Habitat Degradation栖息地退化Water Quantity(Flow and Volume)水量(流量和体积)Regulated DesignsManaging Water Quantity管理水量Direct discharge直接排放Detention滞留Retention LID滞留LIDInfiltration-LID渗滤LIDIncreased wat
2、ershed storage capacity LID提高的流域贮水能力LIDPollutants污染物Water Quality-Common Pollutants水质常见污染物Trash and Debris垃圾和碎屑Sediments(TSS)沉积物(TSS)Nutrients营养物Petroleum Hydrocarbons(TPH)石油烃Heavy Metals重金属Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)多环芳香烃Other organics其他有机物Biological e.g.Fecal Coliform生物的如大肠杆菌Temperature
3、温度Gross Solids(i.e.trash)总固体物（如垃圾）Size 尺寸LA Trash TMDL 5 mmLA垃圾日最大总负荷量5毫米Cigarette butts 7.9 mm 100%烟头7.9毫米100%Carry other pollutants运载其他污染物Pesticides,PCBs,organic wastes(EPA 842/B-92/010 Dec92)杀虫剂，多环芳烃，有机废物（EPA842/B-92/010 Dec92）Coliform,pathogens大肠菌，病原体Sharps尖锐物 Buoyancy Characteristics浮力特性 Decomp
4、osition分解作用Sediment:Total Suspended Solids(TSS)沉积物：悬浮固体总量（TSS）TSS is a measure of the mass of material collected on a filter from a known volume of waterTSS是过滤装置收集来自己位置体积水量的物质质量的度量衡EPA 160.2 or Standard Methods 2540D环境保护部160.2或标准方法2540DThe filter has pore opening of 2.0 microns or smaller(generally
5、1.5 micron filters are used)过滤装置有2微米或者更小（一般使用1.5微米过滤装置）口径的小孔Floating material or bulky organic material are excluded漂浮物质或者大块有机物质被移除SSC Whole Volume Method 悬浮沉积物浓度(SSC)总量法USGS 美国地质调查Mineral specific gravity 2.65矿物质比重2.65Organic specific gravity 0.95-1.05(mostly floats)有机物比重0.95-1.05（大多漂浮）Particle siz
6、e dictates treatment effectiveness and quantity of associated pollutants颗粒物尺寸决定处理有效性和相关的污染物量NOT ALL SEDIMENT IS TSS or SSC不是全部成绩物都是TSS或SSCTSS Issues悬浮固体总量问题TSS is the most regulated pollutant ranging from 70%removal or greaterTSS是首要管制污染物，移除率要求70%或以上Definition with respect to stormwater雨水方面的定义Particl
7、e Size Distribution(PSD)颗粒物尺寸分布Specific Gravity比重Methods of Sampling取样方法Analytical Methods分析方法Sediment(TSS)沉积物（TSS）Sediments change channel geometry沉积物改变河道几何学Impact habitats of benthic organisms影响水底生物体栖息地Transport other pollutants运输其他污染物Anthropogenic Sources人造源Plastics塑料Cans and Metal Fragments罐头和金属
8、碎片Ewaste电子废料Trash and Debris垃圾和碎屑Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水中的有机物质Anthropogenic Sources人造源Food Products食物产品Paper Products纸质产品Oils and Greases油脂和润滑油Other其他Natural Sources天然源Fallen Leaves落叶Pollen&Bud Shatter花粉和芽碎片Humus腐殖质Organisms有机物Natural or Anthropogenic?天然或人造Properties of Organic Matter in Stor
9、mwater雨水中有机物的性质Subject to biological decomposition受到生物分解的制约Elevated BOD/COD提高的生物耗氧量和化学需氧量Elevated Nitrate/Nitrite提高的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐Elevated Total and Ortho-P提高的总量和正磷酸盐Forms complex agglomerates with mineral particles形成含矿物颗粒的复合凝聚物Serves as substrate for bacterial growth充当细菌生长基Can sequester soluble metals th
10、rough cation exchange processes可以通过阳离子交换过程隔离可溶金属Impact on BMP Performance对BMP表现的影响Though particles can be large,specific gravity is low虽然颗粒物可能很大，但比重很低Difficult to capture with settling devices很难用沉降装置收集May cause blinding/occlusion of screening/filtration devices可能造成筛选装置混乱和过滤装置闭塞Nutrient Breakdown营养物分
11、解BMP may show removal of Total N,but release of Nitrate/NitriteBMP可能表现出总N的移除，但是释放出硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐Often due to decomposition of TKN load一般是由于总凯氏氮载量分解Impact on Monitoring对监测的影响Organic matter may enter a BMP as one large particle,then leave the system as many small particles.有机物质可能以一个大颗粒物的形式进入BMP，然后以许多小颗粒物的形式
12、离开系统Automated samplers typically collect via strainers with inch openings通常通过有0.25英寸开口的滤网自动收集样本This is reflected in the effluent solids EMC,but not in the influent这会反应在流出固体EMC里，但是不会出现在流入物中Sequestered metals may bias performance evaluation of BMPs utilizing cation exchange使用阳离子减缓隔离金属可能对BMPs的表现评估造成偏差，
13、Measuring Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水中有机物的测量Total Organic Carbon(TOC)有机碳总量(TOC)Sample is filteredresults do not reflect solids 样本被过滤结果不会在固体中反应出来Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)化学需氧量(COD)Results may include some inorganic matter结果可能会包括一些非有机物Total Volatile Suspended Solids(TVSS)挥发性悬浮固体总量 Allows direct c
14、omparison with TSS/SSC analysis可以直接与悬浮固体总量/悬浮沉积物浓度分析相比较 Cheap!便宜 EPA 160.4,SM 208E环境保护部160.4，SM208ETVSS vs.SSC挥发性悬浮固体总量 vs.悬浮固体浓度Median Normalized Influent TVSS vs.SSC for All Sitesy=0.6482x+0.4043R2=0.8828012345670123456789Median-Normalized SSCMedian-Normalized TVSSDissolved Zn fraction vs.TVSS溶解锌率
15、 vs.挥发性悬浮固体总量Median-Normalized Dissolved Zn Fraction vs.Median-Normalized TVSS at 3 Sites y=-0.3097Ln(x)+0.9967R2=0.40290.00.51.01.52.02.53.001234567Median-Normalized TVSSMedian-Normalized Diss Zn/Total Zn Fraction TVSS中位数标准化Impact of Organic Matter in Stormwater雨水有机物质的影响Organic matter is a substant
16、ial fraction of TSS in stormwater有机物质是雨水中TSS的重要部分Can negatively affect BMP performance,particularly in systems with standing water可以对BMP表现产生消极影响，特别是在含有死水系统Fugitive loads of organic matter introduces error to BMP performance evaluation有机物质的短时载量引入BMP表现评估的误差Seasonal variation impacts maintenance schedu
17、le季节性变化影响维护日程安排Oil and Grease油脂和润滑油Oil is in many phases油脂在很多阶段存在Free oils 游离油脂Emulsified oils 乳化油Dissolved oil 溶解油Attached 附着量Sampling is difficult and analytical procedures are suspect 取样困难和分析程序不可信Claims difficult to verify要求核实困难Difficult to measure free oils quantities难以测量游离油脂数量Done in laboratori
18、es(Ruins equipment)需在实验室内完成(破坏设备)Sampling in the field is undefined野外取样不明确Claims of high oil removal percentages要求高油脂移除百分比Regulatory concern for maintenance residuals为维护剩余物的法规考虑Nitrogen and Phosphorus氮和磷Eutrophication 富营养化 Phosphorus is limiting 磷有限 Ortho-P versus Total P正磷酸盐对于总磷 Ortho-P dissolved a
19、nd available for plant uptake溶解的正磷酸盐和可用于植物摄取 Ortho-P most difficult to remove(removed by Fe3+&Al3+)and plant uptake正磷酸盐大多难以移除（通过铁离子和铝离子移除）和植物摄取 Nitrogen=NH3,NO3/NO2&TKN(organic N)氮=NH3,NO3/NO2&TKN(有机 N)Most N converted to NO3 in aerobic systems.在氧气系统内大多氮转化为三氧化氮 NO3 removed by plant and microbial upt
20、ake as well as by anaerobic bacteria.三氧化氮通过植物和微生物摄取记忆厌氧细菌移除 Both processes require long residence time.两个过程都需要长的停留时间Nitrogen and Phosphorus氮和磷Heavy Metals重金属 Atmospheric deposition from stack emissions or dust fall大气分解烟囱排放或者粉尘降落 Corrosion of coatings such as galvanization,paints,roofing materials外层腐
21、蚀，比如镀锌，油漆，屋顶材料 Wear of mechanical parts,tires,bearings,bushings机械部分的磨损，轮胎，轴承，衬套 Wastage or misapplication of chemicals,spray coatings废料废水或化学滥用，喷涂 Typical metals of concern 典型金属的考虑 Copper(Cu)and Zinc(Zn)铜和锌 Lead(Pb),Cadmium(Cd),Nickel(Ni),Mercury(Hg)铅，镉，镍，水银 Particulate&Dissolved 颗粒物和溶解 Total Metals
22、总金属 Some misconceptions一些错误想法 Dissolved 溶解(0.63 um)Ionic 离子 Colloids 胶体 Ligands 配体 Removal 移除 Adsorption 吸附 Cation Exchange 阳离子交换 Chelation 整合作用Pb+Pb+Hg+Hg+Ni+Ni+Cu+Cu+Cd+Zn+C C C C Cu Heavy Metals重金属Pesticides&Herbicides杀虫剂和除草剂Organic Toxicants有机毒物 Organic pesticides and Herbicides有机杀虫剂和除草剂 use met
23、als 使用重金属 Polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs)多氯联苯(PCBs)PAHs多环芳烃 Phthalates邻苯二甲酸盐 Expensive to monitor监测昂贵 Very low concentrations浓度非常低DiazinonDibenza,eaceanthrylene(PAH)PCBOrganics有机物 Personal Care Products个人护理产品 Pharmaceuticals 药剂 Caffeine 咖啡因 Endocrine Disrupters激素扰乱 Phthalates邻苯二甲酸盐 PAHs多环芳烃 Micro Be
24、ads微珠Bacteria/Pathogens细菌/病原体 Pathogens are the target病原体是目的 Bacteria,virus,protozoa细菌，对于，原生动物 Difficult to detect难以检测 Indicator Bacteria are used采用细菌指示物 Common to human gut在人类内脏中常见 Standard tests标准测试 Wastewater basis废水基础 Desired removals are very high想要的移除率非常高 Controversy is high争议很大Fecal ColiformM
25、acro“Pollutants”大型“污染物”Vectors 载体 West Nile Virus 西尼罗河病毒Weeds 杂草 Invasive and Noxious Species入侵和有害物种Vermin 害虫 Rats,Mice,Frogs,Alligators老鼠，硕鼠，青蛙，短吻鳄Insects 昆虫 Fire Ants and Crazy Ants火蚁和黄疯蚁Safety 安全 Fall 摔落 Engulfment 吞噬Dry-Weather Flows干季水流(Urban Slobber)Sources 源头 Irrigation and wash water灌溉和清洗用水
26、Septic leakage感染性渗漏 Groundwater and pipe leakage地下水和管道渗漏 Problems with bacteria,metals,nutrients and pesticides细菌，金属，营养物和杀虫剂问题 Design needs to be very different需要非常不一样的设计Toxicity 毒性毒性Pollutant Impacts on SCMs Assimilative Capacity污染物对雨水控制设施同化能力的影响Mowing Height刈割高度Fertilizers肥料Trimming修建Weed and Moss Killers除杂草剂和灭苔藓剂Pollutant Impacts on SCMs Assimilative Capacity污染物对雨水控制设施同化能力的影响Questions?提问
