1、Unit 11 Railway Engineering铁路工程铁路工程Part Introduction to Rail Engineering Railway engineering is a multi-faceted engineering discipline dealing with the design,construction and operation of all types of railway systems.It encompasses(包含/包括)a wide range of engineering disciplines,including civil engin
2、eering,computer engineering,electrical engineering,mechanical engineering,industrial engineering and production engineering.Rail track The track on a railway or railroad,also known as the permanent way,is the structure consisting of the rails,fasteners,sleepers and ballast(or slab track),plus the un
3、derlying subgrade.Track structure Traditional track structure Advantages:low construction costs,high elasticity,high noise absorption or a high maintainability at relatively low costs.Disadvantages:heavy demand for maintenance,the ballast(道渣/碎石)can be churned up(溅起来)at high speeds,which may cause se
4、rious damages to rails and wheels.ballastless tracks Advantages:stable track position,long life cycles,top speed,ride comfort,practically no maintenance and great load-carrying capability.Jointed trackvIn the traditional method,jointed tracks are made using lengths of rails,usually around 20 m long
5、in the UK and 11.9 or 23.8 m long in North America,bolted together using perforated steel plates known as fishplates or joint bars.fishplatesvFishplates are usually 600 mm long,used in pairs either side of the rail ends and bolted together with four or six bolts per joint.Continuously welded rail(CR
6、W)vCWR refers to the way in which rails are joined to form track.Through CWR,rails are welded together to form one uninterrupted rail that may be several miles long.Flash butt welding vFlash butt welding is a technique for joining segments of metal rail or pipe.v It often involves an automated track
7、-laying machine running a strong electrical current through the touching ends of two unjoined pieces of rail.Track gaugevTrack gauge or rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two rails that make up a single line.vThe standard gauge is 1,435 mm.vWider gauges are called broad gauge;
8、Narrow gauge(计量器)v Narrow gauge allows a smaller radius curves,allowing obstacles,such as valleys and hills,to be avoided.Therefore,many narrow gauge railways(窄轨铁路)were built in Wales and the Rocky Mountains of North America.Rail signaling vRailway Signaling is a complex and fascinating research and
9、 development area in railways.The purpose of a signaling system is to facilitate the safe and efficient movement of trains on the railway.Fixed Block Systems vThe railway is divided into sections of track,which are separated by signals.A train is not allowed to enter a given track section before the
10、 preceding train has cleared it.Disadvantages:vlack of flexibility vlow track capacity Moving Block Systems also called Communication Based Train Control It relies on continuous two-way digital communication between each controlled train and a wayside control centre.vEach train transmits its identit
11、y,location,direction and speed to the area computer which makes the necessary calculations for safe train separation and transmits this to the following train.vThe radio link between each train and the area computer is continuous so the computer knows the location of all the trains in its area all t
12、he time.It transmits to each train the location of the train in front and gives it a braking curve to enable it to stop before it reaches that train.Part III 科技英语的翻译技巧（科技英语的翻译技巧（11）句量的增减句量的增减-分译与合译分译与合译分译法(1)单词的分译(2)短语的分译(3)句子的分译合译法(1)短语合译(2)单句合译(3)主从复合句的合译 分译法v科技英语文献中，句子一般较长，包含许多信息，汉译时如果运用语法分析和逻辑判断
13、的手段，对原文的各个意思加以分解，能使译文更加体现汉语的特点，这种化整为零的翻译方法就是分译法。v分译没有定规可循，一切要考译者对原文的透彻理解，灵活处理。分译时一般有三种处理方法：前置法，后置法和夹心法。同时，分译也需要注意两个问题：第一，当分则分，当合则合，不可硬行拆分，否则效果不好；第二，正确把握始分点，严格按照汉语的表达习惯来组织句子，否则会造成译文结构混乱。(1)单词的分译v副词分译 v The ammeter must therefore have a very low resistance in order for its effect on the circuit to be
14、negligible.v因此，电流表必须具有很低的电阻以使得它对电路的影响可以忽略不计。vHe made many discoveries in chemistry but,characteristically,he did not publish them.v他在化学上有很多发现，但并没有发表其研究结果。这是他的特点。v形容词分译：vIt is important for the reader to learn and understand the basic concepts presented here.v重要的是，读者要明白这里所讲的基本概念。vNuclear transformati
15、ons are noteworthy because of their role in the evolution of the universe.v由于核变换在宇宙演变方面的重要作用，所以值得注意。v名词分译：vThese circumstances make it difficult to find site on which to carry out experiment.v由于这些环境条件，难以找到进行试验的场所。vThe price limits its production.v由于价钱昂贵，限制了其生产。(2)短语的分译v名词短语分译：vThe complex process of
16、 photosynthesis is controlled by several genes.v光合作用过程是复杂的，它受数种基因制约。v介词短语分译：vTo every action there must be an equal and opposite reaction.v对于每个作用力，必定存在一个大小相等、方向相反的反作用力。vIn the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.v海拔高的地方，冰雪常年不化。v分词短语分译：vGiven current and resistance,we can find out voltage.v若已知
17、电流和电阻，我们就能求出电压。v不定式短语分译：vCare shall be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.v应经常注意保护仪器，勿使沾染灰尘和受潮。(3)句子的分译vThe technological design of this bed cushion is advanced with novel structure,beautiful shape and various patterns.v这种床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式多样。vThis material attracts iro
18、n objects and can even magnetize such objects.v这种物质能吸引铁质物体，甚至能使他们磁化。合译法v(1)短语合译：vNeutron has no charge,neither positive nor negative.v中子既不带正电也不带负电。vThese particles,called electrons,are moving around the nucleus.v这些粒子被称为电子，它们不断地围绕原子核旋转。(2)单句合译：v单句的合译往往以一个简单句的翻译为基础，把其他简单句的内容压缩成一、二个句子成分加到译文中去。vOverflow
19、 detection can take two approaches.One technique compares the signs of A and B and C.v检测溢出的方法有两种，一种方法是比较A、B、的符号。(3)主从复合句的合译：v科技英语中结构复杂的主从复合句，在翻译的过程中，可将主句或从句简化为汉语的一个词组。vA good understanding has been obtained of evaporation processes which are carried out at ordinary pressure.v人们对于常压下的蒸发过程已有了清楚的了解。Thank you
