1、 国际贸易理论与实务（英文版）国际贸易理论与实务（英文版）（第三版）（第三版）Basic Idea of Bilingual Teaching Master professional knowledge and skills;Improve professional English significantly.(through the integration of professional instruction and English language teaching.)I.Learning ObjectivesII.Course OutlineIII.Pedagogical(教学法的教学
2、法的)DevicesnTextbooknOther textbooks for referencenGrading systemnOther references(monograph,journals,data sources)Introduction to This CourseI.Learning Objectives of This Course 1.Comprehend the basic theories and policies of international trade,grasp the basic provisions of import and export contra
3、cts,understand the process of negotiation and formation of the contract,be familiar with the details of performing the contract;2.Enhance capability in reading professional literatures,obtaining the latest professional information,communicating professionally with the help of English;3.Change the wa
4、y of studying English from a theoretical approach to a hands-on(实际操作的实际操作的)applied approach,consolidate and improve English proficiency.You are required to Read the TextbookRead Newspapers/Journals Answer the Questions and Do the Exercises in the WorkbookYou are required to have NOT ROTE LEARNINGThe
5、oriesn Ch.1 Introduction to International Trade (3 hours)n Ch.2 Classical Trade Theory (3 hours)n Ch.3 Neoclassical Trade Theory (2 hours)n Ch.4 Post-Hecksher-Ohlin Theory of Trade (2 hours)Policiesn Ch.5 Import Protection Policy:Tariffs (2 hours)n Ch.6 Import Protection Policy:Non-tariff Barriers (
6、2 hours)n Ch.7 Export Promotion and Other Policies (2 hours)n Ch.8 Arguments against Free Trade (2 hours)Other issues in international trade worldn Ch.9 Regional Economic Integration (4 hours)n Ch.10 GATT&WTO (4 hours)II.Course Outline International trade practice:(Ch.11-18)nCh.11 International Trad
7、e Terms (4 hours)nCh.12 Quality,Quantity,Packing and Pricing (4 hours)nCh.13 International Cargo Transportation (4 hours)nCh.14 International Marine Cargo Insurance(4 hours)nCh.15 International Payment(6 hours)nCh.16 Inspection,Claim,Force Majeure and Arbitration(4 hours)nCh.17 Negotiation and Forma
8、tion of Contract(4 hours)nCh.18 Implementation of International Sales Contract(4 hours)Quizzes:2 hours Review(Q&A):2 hours III.Pedagogical Devices1.Textbook Zhang Sufang,“International Trade Theory and Practice(Second Edition)”,University of International Business and Economics Press，2010.8.2.Other
9、textbooks for referencen Zhang Sufang,“International Trade Theory and Practice （Second Edition Workbook）”,University of International Business and Economics Press，2010.8.n“International Economics”,Dennis R.Appleyard,1998.10.机械工业出版社。机械工业出版社。n 海闻等，海闻等，国际贸易国际贸易，上海人民出版社，上海人民出版社，2003.3。n 吴百福等吴百福等,进出口贸易实务
10、教程进出口贸易实务教程，2004.8。n 陈宪等陈宪等,国际贸易国际贸易-原理原理 政策政策 实务实务,立信会计出版社立信会计出版社,2004.8。n 袁永友、柏望生，袁永友、柏望生，进出口单证实务评析进出口单证实务评析，中国海关出版社，中国海关出版社，2006.8。3.Grading system:nTwo quizzes 20%nClass performance 10%nFinal exam 70%4.Other references:Monograph 裴长洪主编，裴长洪主编，中国对外经贸理论前沿中国对外经贸理论前沿（4），），社会科学文献出版社。社会科学文献出版社。国彦兵著，国彦兵著
11、，西方国际贸易理论历史与发展西方国际贸易理论历史与发展，浙江大学出版社。浙江大学出版社。Journalsn国际贸易国际贸易n财贸经济财贸经济n国际贸易问题国际贸易问题n对外经贸实务对外经贸实务n世界经济世界经济n中国人民大学报刊复印资料（外贸）中国人民大学报刊复印资料（外贸）Data sourcesnWTO:World Trade ReportnWorld Bank:World Development Report General current information 国际商报国际商报 Internet Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trad
12、e nReasons for International TradenDifferences between International Trade and Domestic TradenBasic Concepts Relating to International Trade1.Resources reasonsnNo nation has all of the commodities that it needs nCoffee:Colombia,Brazil:major grower of coffee beans，the USA:major consumer nCopper:Peru,
13、ZairenDiamonds:South Africa Uneven distribution of resources leads to international trade 1 Reasons for International Tradecoffeecopperdiamond2.Economic reasons n Development of manufacturing and technology economic benefits another incentive for international trade.Gain economically by tradingn Chi
14、na has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries.n Economic theory:produce and export the products which a country has comparative advantage.(more in Ch.2)3.Other reasons nNot have enough of a particular item
15、(China:oil producer,consumes more than produces)nInnovation or a variety of style (the USA:largest auto producer,still import from Japan,Germany)nPolitical objectives (support the government of another country)2 Differences between International Trade and Domestic Trade 1.More complex contextnTransa
16、cted in foreign languages(5651 kinds,English:73 countries official language,2 billion population)nUnder international or foreign laws,customs and regulationsnNumerous culture differences nForeign currency transactions USD/$GBP/JPY/J￥CAD/C$EUR/HKD/HK$CHF/SF CNY/RMB￥(Confederation Helvetica,海尔维第联邦海尔维第
17、联邦)2.More difficult and riskyn Information on foreign countries may be difficult to obtain.n Political risks:war,expropriation(征收征收)or confiscation(没收没收)of the importers company,imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods,transfer risk (imposition of exchange controls,foreign currenc
18、y shortages),etc.n Economic risks:insolvency(破产破产)of the buyer,protracted default (拖欠债务拖欠债务),non-acceptance,changing exchange rate,changing standards and regulations within other countries.3.Higher skills required Broader range of professional skillsn clear customs for export or importn make interna
19、tional paymentn insurance n market surveyn commodity inspection3 Basic Concepts Relating to International TradenVisible trade and invisible tradenFavorable balance of trade and unfavorable balance of tradenGeneral trade system and special trade systemnValue of international trade and volume of inter
20、national tradenCommodity composition of international tradenGeographical composition of international tradenDegree of dependence on foreign trade1.Visible trade and invisible trade(1)Visible trade:trade in goodsnCustoms formalities have to be carried out.nTransactions are observable.nIn 2011,US$18.2
21、 trillion,81.25%of the total value of international trade.nThe Standard International Trade Classification(SITC):n国际贸易标准分类国际贸易标准分类n10 sections,67 divisions,262 groups,1023 sub-groups and 1924 basic headings.nSection 0-5:Primary goods;nSection 6-9:Manufactured goods(2)Invisible trade:trade in service
22、snDifficult to obtain accurate estimates of the value of the transactions of trade in servicesNo agreed definition of traded servicesWays of measuring these transactions not precise nEstimates are obtained by examining foreign exchange records and/or through surveys of establishments.nUsual customs
23、records or data are not available for valuing these transactions.nMay be underestimated or overvalued.n During the 1980s,exports of commercial services outgrew merchandise exports.n Total value of commercial services in 2011 was US$4.2 trillion,18.75%of the total value of international trade.Its gro
24、wth rate is getting more and more rapid.n Today,especially in developed societies,services account for large portions of national outputs.n The United States was the worlds largest exporter and importer of commercial services.n In 2011,exports of travel:US$1063 billion,25.3%exports of transport:US$8
25、55 billion,20.4%.Commerical services in 2011:top five exporters and importers(US$billion)RankExporterValueShareRankImporterValueShare1 United States57814%1United States39110%2United Kingdom2747%2Germany2847%3Germany2536%3China2366.1%4China1824%4United Kingdom1714%5France1614%5Japan1654.3%Source:WTO,
26、World Trade Report 2012,P25.n A growing concern for the need to establish some general guidelines for international transactions in services.n Consequently,discussions on service trade were included in the last completed round of trade negotiations(the Uruguay Round)of the General Agreement on Tarif
27、fs and Trade(GATT),now the World Trade Organization.n Achieving a General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS)was a major focus of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.n Defines trade in services as the supply of a service through any of four modes.Cross border supply of services(or“Mode 1”).Only
28、the service itself crosses national frontiers.TELECOMMUNICATION Consumption abroad(or“Mode 2”).The supply of a service“in the territory of one Member to the service consumer of another Member”.TRAVEL Commercial presence(or“Mode 3”).The supply of a service through the commercial presence of the forei
29、gn supplier in the territory of another WTO member.BANKING Presence of natural persons(or“Mode 4”):The admission of foreign nationals to another country to provide services.TEACHINGSupplierConsumer23 41One service may be supplied in four waysThrough an office maintained in the clients countryThrough
30、 a visit to him by his foreign clientBy mail By a personal visit to that countryServices of a professional adviserOthers by their nature cannot:n A tourist can only enjoy a foreign countrys beach by going there.n Street cleaning services must be supplied on the spot.2.Favorable balance of trade and
31、unfavorable balance of tradenThe difference between the monetary value of EXPORTS and IMPORTS of output in an economy over a certain period.nFavourable balance of trade:trade surplus,positive balance of trade,EXPORTS IMPORTS.nUnfavorable balance of trade:trade deficit,negative balance of trade,EXPOR
32、TS Imports(favorable balance of trade).nGold flow into the country(Amount=Exports-Imports).nMoney supply would rise.nPrices of products would rise.(balance of trade altered till zero)Exports decrease,imports increase.3 Adam Smiths Theory of Absolute Advantagen Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nati
33、ons in 1776 in London.n Adams two main areas of contribution:absolute advantage and the division of labor.n Absolute advantage:ability to produce the same products as others with fewer labor hours.1.Assumptions of the theory of absolute advantagen(1)Only two countries and two products in the world.n
34、(2)Each country has a fixed endowment of resources.n(3)Factors of production are completely mobile within a country.n(4)Factors of production are completely immobile between countries.n(5)A labor theory of value is employed.n(6)The level of technology is fixed for both countries,although the technol
35、ogy can differ between them.n(7)Costs of production are constant.n(8)There is full employment.n(9)The economy is characterized by perfect competition.n(10)There is no government imposed obstacles to economic activity.n(11)Internal and external transportation costs are zero.2.Challenge to Mercantilis
36、mn(1)A nations wealth was reflected in its productive capacity.(ability to produce final goods and services)n(2)Specialization would generate productivity gains.Increased division and specialization of labor would generate productivity gains.Conclusion:A country should specialize in and export those
37、 goods it produced more efficiently because absolute labor required per unit was less than that of the prospective trading partner.n(3)Free environment.Growth in productive capacity was fostered best in an environment where people were free to pursue their own interests.A government policy of laisse
38、z faire would best provide the environment for increasing a nations wealth.(laissez faire leiseifer:allowing individuals to pursue their own activities within the bounds of law and order and respect for property rights)3.Example Labor requirements and absolute advantage in Britain and Portugal Cloth
39、WinePrice ratio in autarkyBritain1 hr./yd.4 hrs./bbl.1W:4C(or 1C:1/4 W)Portugal 2 hrs./yd.3 hrs./bbl.1W:2/3 C(or 1C:2/3 W)Absolute advantage:Britain in cloth,Portugal in wine.Exchange ratio:1W:3CBritain:Obtaining wine in Portugal for only 3 yards of cloth per barrel instead of 4 yards at home.Portug
40、al:Acquiring cloth for a cost of only 1/3 barrel of wine instead of 2/3 barrel of wine at home.311.The concept of comparative advantagenDavid Ricardo,in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and TaxationnComparative advantage:The ability of a country to produce a particular g
41、ood at a lower relative cost than another country.nComparative advantage can be determined by relative labor productivity,relative cost or opportunity cost.4 David Ricardos Theory of Comparative Advantage(1)Determined by relative labor productivity/L)B(Q BProduct ofty productiviLabor /L)A(QA Product
42、 ofty productiviLabor B)Product (toA Product ofty productivilabor Rrelative If(QA/L)/(QB/L)in Country I is HIGHER than in Country II,then Country I has a comparative advantage in Product A.(2)Determined by relative cost)(a B Product of unit one producing for input of Amount)(a A Product of unit one
43、prducing for input of Amount=B)Product(to A Product of cost Relative LBLAIf aLA/aLB in Country I is LOWER than in Country II,then Country I has a comparative advantage in Product A.(3)Determined by opportunity cost)Q(A Product ofquantity Increased)Q(B Product ofquantity Decreased=A Product of costy
44、Opportunit ABIf QB/QA in in Country I is LOWER than in Country II,then Country I has a comparative advantage in Product A.2.ExampleTable 2-3 Labor requirements and absolute advantage in Britain and Portugal prior to division of laborWineClothPrice ratio in autarkyPortugal80 hrs./bbl.90 hrs./yd.1W:8/
45、9C(IC:9/8W)Britain120 hrs./bbl.100 hrs./yd.1W:6/5C(1C:5/6W)Table 2-4 Comparative advantage determined by relative labor productivity,relative cost and opportunity costWine(to cloth)WineCloth(to wine)ClothRelative laborproductivityRelativecostOpportunity costRelative labor productivityRelativecostOpp
46、ortunity costPortugal9/88/98/98/99/89/8Britain5/66/56/56/55/65/6 Portugal:a comparative advantage in wine;Britain:a comparative advantage in cloth.Ricardos theory of comparative advantage holds:n The relative cost differences arising from technology differences give rise to trade.n A country can ben
47、efit from export if only it has a comparative advantage in the production of the exporting product.n A country may have no absolute advantage in all products.However,it surely has a comparative advantage in a particular product.n Therefore,any country will have a product to export and gain from inte
48、rnational trade.Two ways to illustrate the gains from trade:In terms of labor time saved(at 1W:1C)Britain:100 hours to produce 1C,exchange for 1W which requires 120 hours to produce at home,thus saves 20 hours.Portugal:80 hours to produce 1W,exchange 1C which requires 90 hours to produce at home,thu
49、s saves 10 hours.1W:1.1C?(2)In terms of more goods obtained Portugal would gain 0.125 barrel more of wine;Britain would gain 0.2 yard more of cloth.Table 2-5 Wine and cloth obtained by Portugal and Britain after division of labor WineClothPortugal(80 hrs+90 hrs.)/80=2.125 bbl.Britain(100 hrs+120 hrs
50、.)/100=2.2 yds.Table 2-6 More wine and cloth obtained by Portugal and Britain after trading at 1W:1CWineClothPortugal1.125 bbl.1 yd.Britain1 bbl.1.2 yds.3.Analysis of the theory of comparative advantage by using modern tools(1)Tools to be used Production possibility curve(frontier)PPF Y0 X1 X2 B X P
