1、外国语学院外国语学院 李云涛李云涛翻译翻译2：汉英翻译：汉英翻译句子的翻译句子的翻译1ContentsContents2一、中英句法对比一、中英句法对比在汉英翻译中，要牢记汉英语言之间的差在汉英翻译中，要牢记汉英语言之间的差异，记住英语是主语显著语言，英语句子异，记住英语是主语显著语言，英语句子构建在主谓轴上。因此，选择确定主谓语，构建在主谓轴上。因此，选择确定主谓语，是成功构句，保证译文与原文语义相符的是成功构句，保证译文与原文语义相符的关键。关键。汉语是语义型语言，注重汉语是语义型语言，注重“字字”与语义及与语义及其相互关系，注重内容的意合。汉语的句其相互关系，注重内容的意合。汉语的句法特
2、征是：主语可以有诸多不同类别的词法特征是：主语可以有诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或者无主句的情况语充当，主语隐含不显或者无主句的情况经常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受经常可见；谓语的成分非常复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明显的逻辑关系的连接词。句与句之间多无明显的逻辑关系的连接词。3中英句法对比中英句法对比英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式的严谨。英语句法的特征是：主注重形式的严谨。英语句法的特征是：
3、主语突出，易于识别，由名词或名词性的词语突出，易于识别，由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称语担任；谓语绝对受主语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有人称、和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有人称、数、时态的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻数、时态的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相联。辑关系的连接词相联。4二、主语的确定二、主语的确定 1 1 以原句主语作译文主语以原句主语作译文主语君子位尊而志恭，心小而道大。君子位尊而志恭，心小而道大。The gentleman,though eminent in position,is respectful in The gentl
4、eman,though eminent in position,is respectful in mind;though his mind is small,his aspirations are great.mind;though his mind is small,his aspirations are great.2 2 重新确定主语重新确定主语世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。The turn of the century finds China most active on the The turn of the century finds China most
5、 active on the diplomatic arena.diplomatic arena.宜于时通，利以处穷，礼信是也。宜于时通，利以处穷，礼信是也。原文的主语是原文的主语是“礼信礼信”，意思是，意思是“礼仪确实是既适宜于礼仪确实是既适宜于显达时立身处世，又有利于困厄中立身处世显达时立身处世，又有利于困厄中立身处世”。It is indeed ritual principles that are suitable for conducting It is indeed ritual principles that are suitable for conducting oneself
6、in prosperity and useful for conducting oneself in oneself in prosperity and useful for conducting oneself in adversity.adversity.53 3 增补主语增补主语 ：两个原则必须遵循，一是要推敲语境；二是：两个原则必须遵循，一是要推敲语境；二是要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。起大风了。起大风了。It blows hard.It blows hard.不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。When we dont know we n
7、eednt pretend to know.When we dont know we neednt pretend to know.怒不过夺，喜不过予。怒不过夺，喜不过予。解析：这里的解析：这里的“予予”、“夺夺”引申为引申为“奖赏奖赏”、“处罚处罚”的意思，的意思，“过夺过夺”、“过予过予”是是“过分地夺去（处罚）、过分地夺去（处罚）、过分地给予（奖赏）过分地给予（奖赏）”。译文中增补主语：。译文中增补主语：He does not over-punish people out of anger or over-reward He does not over-punish people out
8、 of anger or over-reward them out of joy.them out of joy.6三、谓语的确定与谓语一致问题三、谓语的确定与谓语一致问题1 1 谓语的确定应基于表意的需要谓语的确定应基于表意的需要中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。The economy of China willThe economy of China will merge into merge into the tide the tide of the world economy.of the world economy.The economy of China
9、will The economy of China will converge with converge with that that of the world.of the world.这事到了现在，还是时时记起。这事到了现在，还是时时记起。Even now,this remains fresh in my memory.Even now,this remains fresh in my memory.Even now,I still often think about this.Even now,I still often think about this.7三、谓语的确定与谓语一致问题
10、三、谓语的确定与谓语一致问题2 2 谓语的确定应基于构句的需要：主谓一致谓语的确定应基于构句的需要：主谓一致河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的吧。河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的吧。The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream the stream must have been must have been planted by the country girls.p
11、lanted by the country girls.关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。视。Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban the improvement of the housing conditions of
12、the urban inhabitants.inhabitants.The municipal government has paid full attention to the The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.8四、四、1.1.翻译中的主与次翻译中的主与次 汉译英首先必须分清主次，然后按照逻辑关系和时间汉译英首先必须分清主次，然后按照逻辑关
13、系和时间顺序，充分利用英语的分词或介词短语以及主从句，对顺序，充分利用英语的分词或介词短语以及主从句，对句子重新组合，以准确地表达原意。句子重新组合，以准确地表达原意。(一一)比较简短的汉语偏正句的翻译比较简短的汉语偏正句的翻译 在翻译中，先从逻辑上分清主次，而后按照英语的表在翻译中，先从逻辑上分清主次，而后按照英语的表达习惯适当加以处理。一般来说，为主的分句称为正句，达习惯适当加以处理。一般来说，为主的分句称为正句，通常表示结果通常表示结果(结论结论)、本质、推论等，可译为英语的谓、本质、推论等，可译为英语的谓语部分或主句；而从属的分句是偏句，通常表示时间、语部分或主句；而从属的分句是偏句，
14、通常表示时间、地点、原因、条件、方法、状态、说明、否定、非本质地点、原因、条件、方法、状态、说明、否定、非本质等，可译为英语的非谓语动词短语或介词短语及从句等。等，可译为英语的非谓语动词短语或介词短语及从句等。例如：例如：持续下了几天雨，郊区的道路境况极坏。持续下了几天雨，郊区的道路境况极坏。The roads in the suburbs are very badThe roads in the suburbs are very bad。owing to the owing to the continual rainy dayscontinual rainy days9四、翻译中的主与次四、
15、翻译中的主与次 (二二)汉语流水句的翻译汉语流水句的翻译 流水句是一种无关联词的复句，其特点是流水句是一种无关联词的复句，其特点是“在非终句段出现句终在非终句段出现句终语调，语义联系比较松散，句段之间难以补上关联词语调，语义联系比较松散，句段之间难以补上关联词”(中译英中译英技巧文集技巧文集第第282282页页)。这些句子有的着重动词，即多个动词连用，。这些句子有的着重动词，即多个动词连用，有的着重名词，即以名词为重点。例如：有的着重名词，即以名词为重点。例如：紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿放在桌紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了套间门出来，
16、仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪子上，开了套间门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。雁。(红楼梦红楼梦)这是比较典型的流水句，事情逐一交代，层层铺开，如何英译呢这是比较典型的流水句，事情逐一交代，层层铺开，如何英译呢?请比较下述两种译文：请比较下述两种译文：译文译文I I：Zijuan was answering and hurried outZijuan was answering and hurried out。to change a spittoon to change a spittoon and put the spittoon in her hand on the t
17、able and opened the door of and put the spittoon in her hand on the table and opened the door of inner room to go outinner room to go out，still closed itstill closed it，let down the flowered portiere and let down the flowered portiere and went to wake Xueyanwent to wake Xueyan 译文译文：ZijuanZijuan，asse
18、ntingassenting，hurried out to fetch a clean spittoonhurried out to fetch a clean spittoon，placing the used one on the table in the outer roomplacing the used one on the table in the outer roomHaving closed the Having closed the door behind herdoor behind her，she let down the soft flower portiere bef
19、ore going to she let down the soft flower portiere before going to wake Xueyanwake Xueyan(摘自杨自俭摘自杨自俭“小议汉语几类句子的英译小议汉语几类句子的英译”)10四、翻译中的主与次四、翻译中的主与次 (三三)多重复句的翻译多重复句的翻译 翻译时，首先分清复句的层次关系和意义关系，然后翻译时，首先分清复句的层次关系和意义关系，然后将主要层次译为句子的主干，将次要层次译为辅助成分将主要层次译为句子的主干，将次要层次译为辅助成分或主干中某一分句的辅助成分。例如：或主干中某一分句的辅助成分。例如：小男孩被他妈妈
20、带走时，身上的小铃丁当作响，但他小男孩被他妈妈带走时，身上的小铃丁当作响，但他却没作声，尽管当时他并未做什么错事，而且因受到如却没作声，尽管当时他并未做什么错事，而且因受到如此对待而感到十分委屈。此对待而感到十分委屈。此句为转折复句，转折分句中又有转折复句此句为转折复句，转折分句中又有转折复句(含有让步含有让步意味意味)和递进复句，继而递进复句本身又是个因果关系句。和递进复句，继而递进复句本身又是个因果关系句。The little bell jingled as the boy was led off by his motherThe little bell jingled as the bo
21、y was led off by his mother，but he said nothingbut he said nothing。though he had done nothing wrong and though he had done nothing wrong and even was very unhappy at being treated soeven was very unhappy at being treated so11四、四、2.2.整体与局部整体与局部一个句子相对于其句法成分是整体，但对它所一个句子相对于其句法成分是整体，但对它所赖以存在的语篇来说却是部分。因此句
22、子翻译赖以存在的语篇来说却是部分。因此句子翻译需考虑如下主要因素：需考虑如下主要因素：(一一)句子成分之间固有的能动关系，例如：句子成分之间固有的能动关系，例如：2020世纪最后世纪最后2020年，计算机技术获得迅速发展，年，计算机技术获得迅速发展，这似乎给早在这似乎给早在6060年代就进入年代就进入“冬天冬天”的机器翻的机器翻译研究注射了强心剂。译研究注射了强心剂。比较直接的译文可能是：比较直接的译文可能是：During the last two decades of the 20th centuryDuring the last two decades of the 20th centur
23、y，the computer technology has mad rapid the computer technology has mad rapid advancesadvancesThis seems to have injected some This seems to have injected some stimulants to the research on machine translation that stimulants to the research on machine translation that had a1had a1一一 ready ushered i
24、n the“winter”early in the ready ushered in the“winter”early in the 1960s1960s12四、四、2.2.整体与局部整体与局部 (二二)在同一语篇中，一个句子与其他句子的关系，例如：在同一语篇中，一个句子与其他句子的关系，例如：(1)(1)西安技术产权交易中心于西安技术产权交易中心于20002000年年1212月月1414日在西安高新技术工业日在西安高新技术工业开发区启动。开发区启动。(2)(2)该中心在西部堪称独此一家，别无分店；该中心在西部堪称独此一家，别无分店；(3)(3)它是一它是一条资金流通渠道，能促进高科企业的发展
25、和国有企业结构的调整。条资金流通渠道，能促进高科企业的发展和国有企业结构的调整。(4)(4)同时，它还可以提供信息和服务，为高科成果交易提供场地。同时，它还可以提供信息和服务，为高科成果交易提供场地。该语篇是一个由四个独立的句子组成的整体。从局部出发，可对该语篇是一个由四个独立的句子组成的整体。从局部出发，可对四个单独句子逐一翻译如下：四个单独句子逐一翻译如下：(1)Xian Technology Stock Exchange Center was officially put into(1)Xian Technology Stock Exchange Center was officiall
26、y put into operation in Xian High-Tech Industry Development Zone on December operation in Xian High-Tech Industry Development Zone on December 1414，20002000(2)It is the only such center in western China(2)It is the only such center in western China(3)As a(3)As a channel of capital circulationchannel
27、 of capital circulationit helps promote high-tech enterprises and it helps promote high-tech enterprises and structural readjustment in State-owned enterprisesstructural readjustment in State-owned enterprises(4)It also provides(4)It also provides informationinformation，servicesservicesand a locatio
28、n for trade in high-tech productsand a location for trade in high-tech products 13四、四、3.3.句子的分译与合译句子的分译与合译决定分译和合译的重要因素还取决于句中的各个成分之间意思上的决定分译和合译的重要因素还取决于句中的各个成分之间意思上的关联，以及该句与上下文之间含义的连贯，同时还要符合英语的表关联，以及该句与上下文之间含义的连贯，同时还要符合英语的表达习惯。达习惯。(一一)句子的分译句子的分译 需要分译的句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。分译会需要分译的句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。分译
29、会使原文内容层次分明，译文易于理解，更简洁。使原文内容层次分明，译文易于理解，更简洁。第一，按内容层次分译。例如：第一，按内容层次分译。例如：少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。(胡胡适适不要抛弃学问不要抛弃学问)Youth will soon be gone never to return Youth will soon be gone never to returnAnd it will be too late for you And it will be too late for you to go into sch
30、olarship when in your declining yearsto go into scholarship when in your declining years (Tr(Tr Zhang Peiji)Zhang Peiji)第二，从主语变换处分译。例如：第二，从主语变换处分译。例如：她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得她隔窗望去，突然发现有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。正香。Looking through the windowLooking through the window，she suddenly spotted a boat moored
31、to she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bankthe bankIn it there was a boatman fast asleepIn it there was a boatman fast asleep14四、四、3.3.句子的分译与合译句子的分译与合译第三，从关联词第三，从关联词(如转折如转折)处分译。例如：处分译。例如：声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减，但不受气压的影响。The speed 0f sound increases slightly with a rise in temp
32、erature and falls The speed 0f sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls slightly with a decrease in temperatureslightly with a decrease in temperature It is not affected by the pressure It is not affected by the pressure of the airof the air 第四，从意义完整、独立处分译。例如：第四，从意义完整、独立处分译。例如：被
33、观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成了歌星，就坐被观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成了歌星，就坐飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹!是对灵魂的腐蚀。是对灵魂的腐蚀。(常胜的歌常胜的歌手手)0nee one gets some applause 0nee one gets some applause，ones head will swellones head will swellAnd one will be And one will be treated like a startreated like a star，given free plane trip
34、s and invited to have ones voice given free plane trips and invited to have ones voice recorded everywhererecorded everywhere Its ridiculous!It is nothing but the corruption Its ridiculous!It is nothing but the corruption of the mind!(Trof the mind!(TrZhu Botong)Zhu Botong)15四、四、3.3.句子的分译与合译句子的分译与合译
35、第五，原文出现总说或分述时要分译。例如：第五，原文出现总说或分述时要分译。例如：不晓得季节与结婚有什么关系，但是从初冬到春天结婚的人数比不晓得季节与结婚有什么关系，但是从初冬到春天结婚的人数比其他季节多了很多，也许就是所谓的结婚季节吧。其他季节多了很多，也许就是所谓的结婚季节吧。Dont know what relation exists between the season and marriageDont know what relation exists between the season and marriage，but the number of marriages is much
36、 greater from early winter to spring but the number of marriages is much greater from early winter to spring than in other seasonsthan in other seasons Maybe this is the season of marriage people Maybe this is the season of marriage people usually call.usually call.第六，为了强调语气而采用分译。例如：第六，为了强调语气而采用分译。例
37、如：我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一，有关的政策，也是众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入全中华民族的心坎。众所周知和不会改变的，并且正在深入全中华民族的心坎。(邓邓小平文选小平文选第三卷第三卷)We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territoryterritoryOur p01icy i
38、n this regard is also known to all and will not Our p01icy in this regard is also known to all and will not changechange The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation
39、hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation163.3.句子的分译与合译句子的分译与合译 (二二)汉语句子的合译汉语句子的合译 第一，在关联词处合译。例如：第一，在关联词处合译。例如：挤到沙滩边，澌啵挤到沙滩边，澌啵!队伍解散，喷着忿怒队伍解散，喷着忿怒的白沫。然而后一排又赶着扑上来。的白沫。然而后一排又赶着扑上来。(黄昏黄昏)They crowded forward to break against the They crowded forward to break against the beachbeachThen their troop
40、 scatteredThen their troop scattered，spraying angry spraying angry white foamwhite foam，while the file behind caught up and while the file behind caught up and charged in its turncharged in its turn (Tr(Tr Gladys Yang)Gladys Yang)173.3.句子的分译与合译句子的分译与合译第二，按内容连贯合译。例如：第二，按内容连贯合译。例如：他的眼睛疲倦地闭着，但是有时又忽然大睁开
41、看看岸他的眼睛疲倦地闭着，但是有时又忽然大睁开看看岸上的路，看看水面。没有什么动静。他含糊地哼了一声，上的路，看看水面。没有什么动静。他含糊地哼了一声，又静下去了。又静下去了。(月夜月夜)His eyes were closed wearily His eyes were closed wearily，but once in a while he would but once in a while he would open them suddenly and stare at the path along the shoreopen them suddenly and stare at th
42、e path along the shore，or or look at the waterlook at the waterWhen he saw that nothing was When he saw that nothing was stirringstirringhe would mutter something to himself and again he would mutter something to himself and again doze offdoze off(Tr(TrSidney Shapiro)Sidney Shapiro)第三，从主语变换处合译，常出现主从
43、句。例如：第三，从主语变换处合译，常出现主从句。例如：萧丽帮我拿起电报，她的手在微微颤动着。萧丽帮我拿起电报，她的手在微微颤动着。Xiao Li helped me to pick up the telegramXiao Li helped me to pick up the telegram，her hands her hands slightly tremblingslightly trembling 1819五、语序的调整五、语序的调整1 1 句内主要成分位置的调整。汉语中施事、行为、受事的句内主要成分位置的调整。汉语中施事、行为、受事的语序比较自由，不象英语中那么固定，翻译的时候要根语
44、序比较自由，不象英语中那么固定，翻译的时候要根据英语表达的习惯进行调整。据英语表达的习惯进行调整。沙发上坐着一个人。沙发上坐着一个人。A man was sitting on a couch.A man was sitting on a couch.早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。Early in the park,we often see people walk with caged birds in Early in the park,we often see people walk with caged birds in hand.hand.佗用刀刮骨，悉悉有
45、声。佗用刀刮骨，悉悉有声。（三国演义三国演义）The knife made a thin,grating sound as it scraped the surface.The knife made a thin,grating sound as it scraped the surface.（Moss RobertsMoss Roberts译）译）20五、语序的调整五、语序的调整2 2 状语位置的调整：汉语状语的位置一般在主语和状语位置的调整：汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间，即：主语谓语之间，即：主语-状语状语-谓语谓语-宾语的模式，宾语的模式，有的时候为了强调也放在主语前；英语的状语有
46、的时候为了强调也放在主语前；英语的状语位置则比较灵活，翻译的时候需要调整。位置则比较灵活，翻译的时候需要调整。我们明天上午九时动身。我们明天上午九时动身。We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.他细心地观察化学变化。他细心地观察化学变化。He observed(with great care)the chemical reaction He observed(with great care)the chemical reaction with gr
47、eat care.with great care.21五、语序的调整五、语序的调整汉语中状语的排列方式基本上是按：时间汉语中状语的排列方式基本上是按：时间-地点地点-方式方式-动词，而英语中则是：动词动词，而英语中则是：动词-方方式式-地点时间。汉语总的状语顺序是从大地点时间。汉语总的状语顺序是从大到小，英语则相反。到小，英语则相反。2929届奥运会将与今年届奥运会将与今年8 8月在北京隆重开幕。月在北京隆重开幕。The 29th Olympic Games will be held The 29th Olympic Games will be held ceremoniously in Be
48、ijing the August.ceremoniously in Beijing the August.22五、语序的调整五、语序的调整3 3定语位置的调整：汉语的定语一般在中心词前，英语则定语位置的调整：汉语的定语一般在中心词前，英语则视定语长度而定，可以在中心词的前面或者后面。视定语长度而定，可以在中心词的前面或者后面。正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着正月十五元宵夜，街上挂着各式各样精巧各式各样精巧的灯笼。的灯笼。On the evening of the Lantern Festival,the 15th of the first On the evening of the Lantern F
49、estival,the 15th of the first lunar month,exquisite lanterns lunar month,exquisite lanterns of diverse designs of diverse designs are hung are hung along the streets.along the streets.山东曲阜市中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。山东曲阜市中国古代著名的思想家、教育家孔子的故乡。Qufu,Shandong Province,is the birthplace of Confucius,Qufu,Shandon
50、g Province,is the birthplace of Confucius,a a well-renownedwell-renowned ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.ancient Chinese thinker and teacher.2324六、各类句型的翻译六、各类句型的翻译-1.-1.单句单句 汉语单句可分为主谓句和非主谓句。前者即通常所说的复部句，汉语单句可分为主谓句和非主谓句。前者即通常所说的复部句，后者即通常所说的单部句。后者即通常所说的单部句。一、复部句一、复部句 复部句复部句(主谓句主谓句)是单句中最常见的句型。它对语境的依
