1、Practical English for International Standardization国际标准化实用英语国际标准化实用英语(1)(1)Guangdong WTO/TBT Notification,Consultation and Research Center广东省广东省WTO/TBT通报咨询研究中心通报咨询研究中心 2012Page 2Course Outline 课程提纲课程提纲A.Introduction of International Standards and International Standard Organisations 国际标准及国际标准组织简介B.I
2、ntroduction of WTO and TBT WTO与TBT简介C.ISO and the ISO system ISO与ISO系统-ISO structure ISO架构-International standards developments 国际标准的制定D.Recent Development in ISO ISO近期进步E.China and ISO 中国与ISOF.Introduction of IEC and IEC system IEC与其体系简介G.Introduction of ITU ITU简介Introduction of International Stand
3、ards and International Standard Organisations 国际标准及国际标准组织简介国际标准及国际标准组织简介Page 4Definition of International Standards 定义定义 International standards are standards developed by international standards organizations.国际标准是由国际标准化组织制定的。International standards are available for consideration and use,worldwide
4、.在世界各地，国际标准都可被参考及采用。International standards may be used either by direct application,国际标准既可以以采标的形式直接使用，or by a process of modifying an international standard to suit local conditions.也可以按照当地的情况部分采标。Page 5International Standards Organizations 国际标准化组织国际标准化组织There are many organisations that establish
5、and implement standards:American Petroleum Institute(API)美国石油学会 American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM)美国试验材料协会 British Standards Institution(BSI)英国标准学会 European Computer Manufacturers Association(ECMA)欧洲计算机制造商协会 International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)国际电工技术委员会国际电工技术委员会 International
6、 Organization for Standardization(ISO)国际标准化组织国际标准化组织 International System of Units(SI Units)国际单位制 International Telecommunication Union(ITU)国际电信联盟国际电信联盟 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards(OASIS)结结构化信息标准促进组织构化信息标准促进组织 Universal Postal Union(UPU)万国邮政联盟 Page 6WSC-The W
7、orld Standards CooperationMulti-discipline and cross sector跨学科和跨领域的跨学科和跨领域的For electrotechnology电工类电工类For telecommunication电信类电信类Collaborate to meet the challenges of converging technologies他们联合起来，以迎接技术融合的挑战。他们联合起来，以迎接技术融合的挑战。Page 7WSC-The World Standards Cooperation ISO，together with IEC and ITU，ha
8、s built a strategic partnership with the WTO(World Trade Organization)with the common goal of promoting a free and fair global trading system.ISO 与与IEC和和ITU一起建立了同一起建立了同WTO战略伙伴关系，其共同的目标是促进一战略伙伴关系，其共同的目标是促进一个自由和公平的全球贸易体系。个自由和公平的全球贸易体系。The political agreements reached within the framework of the WTO re
9、quire support by technical agreements.在在WTO框架内达成的政治协议需要技术协议的支撑。框架内达成的政治协议需要技术协议的支撑。ISO,IEC and ITU,as the three principal organizations in international standardization,have the complementary scopes,the framework,the expertise and the experience to provide this technical support for the growth of th
10、e global market.ISO、IEC、和、和ITU作为国际标准化的三个主要组织，在不同的领域、框架作为国际标准化的三个主要组织，在不同的领域、框架、专业和经验上是互补的，可为全球市场的增长提供技术支持。、专业和经验上是互补的，可为全球市场的增长提供技术支持。Introduction of WTO and TBTWTO与与TBT简介简介Page 9Introduction of WTO Its an organization for liberalizing trade.贸易自由化的组织贸易自由化的组织Its a forum for governments to negotiate t
11、rade agreements.贸易协定谈判的论坛贸易协定谈判的论坛Its a place for them to settle trade disputes.解决贸易纠纷的场所解决贸易纠纷的场所It operates a system of trade rules.实行贸易规则体系实行贸易规则体系Page 10WTO Agreements WTO协定协定The agreements for the two largest areas goods and services share a common three-part outline,even though the detail is s
12、ometimes quite different.这些协定包括了两大类：商品类与服务类，它们都有共同的三大要点，尽管其详细这些协定包括了两大类：商品类与服务类，它们都有共同的三大要点，尽管其详细内容有时相当的不同。内容有时相当的不同。They start with broad principles:the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT)(for goods),and the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS).(The third area,Trade-Related Aspects
13、 of Intellectual Property Rights(TRIPS)also falls into this category although at present it has no additional parts.)这三大原则包括：这三大原则包括：关税及贸易总协定关税及贸易总协定（商品类）、（商品类）、贸易服务总协定贸易服务总协定。（第三个方面。（第三个方面是是贸易有关的知识产权协定贸易有关的知识产权协定也属于贸易服务总协定内也属于贸易服务总协定内,然而目前来说并没有格外列然而目前来说并没有格外列出。）出。）These agreements and annexes deal
14、with the following specific sectors or issues:这些协定及其附录涉及以下相关产业或问题：这些协定及其附录涉及以下相关产业或问题：Page 11 For goods(under GATT)关税及贸易总协定关税及贸易总协定 Agriculture 建筑 Health regulations for farm products(SPS)农产品卫生条例 Textiles and clothing 纺织与服装 Product standards(TBT)产品标准 Investment measures 投资措施 Anti-dumping measures 反倾
15、销措施 Customs valuation methods 海关估价方法 Preshipment inspection 装船前检验 Rules of origin 原产地规则 Import licensing 进口许可 Subsidies and counter-measures 补贴及反制措施 Safeguards 保障措施 For services(the GATS annexes)贸易服务总协定贸易服务总协定 Movement of natural persons 自然人流动 Air transport 航空运输 Financial services 金融服务 Shipping 船运 T
16、elecommunications 电讯Page 12Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement(TBT)The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement(TBT)tries to ensure that regulations,standards,testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles.技术性贸易壁垒协定致力于确保法规、标准、测试和认证程序不会造成不需要的障碍。The WTOs Agreement on Technical
17、 Barriers to Trade(TBT)includes the Code of Good Practice for the Preparation,Adoption and Application of Standards.WTO技术性贸易壁垒协定（TBT）包括制定、采纳和实施标准的良好行为规范。Page 13TBT agreement 技术性贸易壁垒协定技术性贸易壁垒协定 The TBT Agreement recognizes the important contribution that International Standards and conformity assessm
18、ent systems can make to improving efficiency of production and facilitating international trade.TBT协定承认国际标准和合格评定体系可以为生产效率的提高和国际贸易便利做出重要贡献。Therefore,where International Standards exist or their completion is imminent,the Code states that standardizing bodies should use them as a basis for standards t
19、hey develop.因此，本规范规定，在有国际标准存在或即将完成情况下，标准化机构应将这些标准作为他们制定标准的基础。Page 14 The Code requires that standardizing bodies that have accepted its terms notify this fact to the ISO/IEC Information Centre located at the ISO Central Secretariat.此规范要求已经接受了其条款的标准化组织将这一事实通知驻于中央秘书处的ISO/IEC信息中心。Standardizing bodies h
20、aving accepted the Code must publish their work programmes and also notify the existence of their work programmes to the ISO/IEC Information Center.已经接受了本规范的标准化机构必须公布它们的工作计划，同时还要将其现行工作计划资料通报ISO/IEC信息中心。On behalf of the WTO,ISO periodically publishes a directory of standardizing bodies that have acce
21、pted the WTO TBT Standards Code.ISO代表WTO定期公布已经接受WTO TBT标准规范的标准化机构名录。Introduction of ISO and the ISO system ISO与与ISO系统简介系统简介Page 16Introduction on ISO ISO简介简介In 1946,LondonDelegates from 25 countriesDecided to create a new international organization.The object:to facilitate the international coordina
22、tion and unification of industrial standards.ISO,officially began operations on 23 February 1947.1946年，来自25个国家的代表聚集在伦敦，决定创建一个新的国际组织，其目标是“促进工业标准的国际协调和统一”。1947年2月23日，新的国际组织，ISO，开始正式运行。Page 17ISO Because International Organization for Standardization would have different abbreviations in different lang
23、uages,it was decided at the very beginning to use a word derived from the Greek isos,meaning equal.因为因为“国际标准化组织国际标准化组织”的不同语言的缩写各异，所以组织成立时决定采的不同语言的缩写各异，所以组织成立时决定采用由希腊文用由希腊文“isos”所派生的单词，意为所派生的单词，意为“平等平等”。Therefore,whatever the country,whatever the language,the short form of the organizations name is a
24、lways ISO.因此，无论哪个国家，哪种语言，本组织的名称缩写皆为因此，无论哪个国家，哪种语言，本组织的名称缩写皆为“ISO”。Page 18 When the large majority of products or services in a particular business or industry sector conform to International Standards,a state of industry-wide standardization can be said to exist.当特定业务部门或工业部门的大部分产品或服务符合国际标准时，可以说当特定业务
25、部门或工业部门的大部分产品或服务符合国际标准时，可以说工工业范围标准化业范围标准化状态已经存在。状态已经存在。This is achieved through consensus agreements between national delegations representing all the economic stakeholders concerned suppliers,users,government regulators and other interest groups,such as consumers.这种状态是通过代表所有经济利益相关者这种状态是通过代表所有经济利益相关
26、者 供应商、用户、政府监管机构及供应商、用户、政府监管机构及其他利益相关群体（例如顾客）的其他利益相关群体（例如顾客）的国家代表协商一致国家代表协商一致达到达到的。的。ISOPage 19ISO They agree on specifications and criteria to be applied consistently in the classification of materials,the manufacture and supply of products,testing and analysis,terminology and the provision of servi
27、ces.他们就统一用于材料分类、产品制造和供应、检测和分析、术语和服务提供的规范和准则达成一致意见。In this way,International Standards provide a reference framework,or a common technological language,between suppliers and their customers.这样，国际标准利用这种方法提供标准框架，或供应商及其顾客之间通用的技术语言，从而促进贸易和技术转让。Page 20Standardization in the global village地球村的标准化地球村的标准化An
28、increasing demand for consensus based international standards：对协商一致的国际标准的需求越来越高：Globalization of trade in products and services 产品和服务贸易全球化 Delocalization of procurement and investment 采购和投资的非定域化 Deregulation of public services 取销对公共服务的管制 Response to climate changes and energy efficiency 应对气候变化和能源效率
29、Public demand for consumer and environmental protection 消费者和环境保护的公众需求 Need for international solidarity to face terrorism,epidemics and natural disasters 面对恐怖主义、流行疾病和自然灾害的国际共同的需求 Deployment of new technologies and innovation 新技术和创新的部署Page 21The ISO system ISO系统系统 IT tools信息技术工具 Standards development
30、 procedures标准制定程序 Consensus building协商共识 Dissemination传播163 national members成员国203 active TCs技术委员会3235 technical bodies技术机构 50 000 experts专家Central Secretariatin Geneva驻日内瓦的中央秘书处153 staff 工作人员Page 22ISO system:ISO Structure 结构结构Council:理事会Central Secretariat:中央秘书处General Assembly:全体大会Policy Developm
31、ent committees：政策发展委员会（政策制定委员会）Council Standing committees:理事会理事会常务委员会Technical Management board:技术管理局Strategic and technical advisory groups and REMCO:战略和技术咨询小组和标准样品委员会TC-Technical Committees:技术委员会Ad hoc Advisory Groups:特别技术支持小组Page 23Page 24ISO member 成员成员 A member body of ISO is the national body
32、“most representative of standardization in its country”.Only one such body for each country is accepted for membership of ISO.Member bodies are entitled to participate and exercise full voting rights on any technical committee and policy committee of ISO.ISO的成员机构是成员国“最能代表该国标准化”的机构。每个国家只有一个这样的机构能取得IS
33、O的成员资格。成员机构都有权利参与任何ISO的技术委员会和有关政策委员会，并行使完全投票权。Page 25General Assembly 全体大会全体大会 The General Assembly is supreme authority constituted by a meeting of the Officers and delegates nominated by the member bodies;correspondent members and subscriber members may attend as observers.全体大会是ISO的最高权力机构，是由官员和ISO
34、成员机构指派的代表参加的会议。通讯成员和注册成员可以观察员身份参加会议。General Assembly meets once a year.Its agenda includes actions relating to the ISO annual report,an ISO multi-year strategic plan with financial implications,and the Treasurers annual financial status report on the Central Secretariat.通常，全体大会每年召开一次。会议议程特别包括与ISO年度报
35、告有关的措施，ISO与财务密切相关的多年战略计划，和司库的有关中央秘书处年度财务状况报告。The President is Chairman of the General Assembly.ISO主席是全体大会的主席。Page 26 The General Assembly may establish advisory committees,called policy development committees.They include Committee on Conformity Assessment(CASCO),Committee on consumer policy(COPOLCO
36、)and Committee on Developing Country Matters(DEVCO).They are open to all member bodies and correspondent members,and their management reporting line is to the Council.全体大会可以组建咨询委员会，称为政策发展委员会（政策制定委员会），包括合格评定委员会（CASCO）、消费者政策委员会（COPOLCO）和发展中国家事务委员会（DEVCO）。这些委员会对所有成员体和通信成员开放，它们直接向理事会报告其管理情况。Policy Devel
37、opment Committees 政策发展委员会政策发展委员会Page 27Council 理事会理事会 The operations of ISO are governed by the Council,consisting of the Officers and 20 elected member bodies.ISO是由理事会来管理运作的，理事会由官员和20个选举出的成员机构组成。Council appoints the Treasurer,the 14 members of the Technical Management Board,and the Chairmen of the
38、policy development committees.It also decides on the annual budget of the Central Secretariat.理事会负责指定司库、技术管理局的14名成员和政策发展委员会的主席。同时也决定中央秘书处的年度预算。Page 28Election to Council 理事会选举理事会选举Eligibility:All member bodies任命资格：任命资格：所有成员机构 Number of payable units Number of TC/SC secretariats Number of P-membershi
39、ps in TCs and SCsABCABCRanking=60%+20%+20%Criteria for appointment/election 条件条件:Page 29Technical Management Board(TMB)技术管理局技术管理局 ISO technical work is governed by the Technical Management Board(TMB)to ISO specific working procedures and technical methodology which have been developed and refined as
40、 a result of experience.技术管理局(TMB)按ISO制定的并根据经验完善的特定工作程序和技术方法管理ISO技术工作。Technical advisory groups(TAG)are established,when necessary,by the Technical Management Board to advise the Board on matters of basic,sectoral and cross-sectoral coordination,coherent planning and the needs for new work.需要时由技术管理局
41、组建技术咨询组(TAG)，就基础、行业和横向协调、相关策划和新工作需求等问题向管理局提出建议。At present there are three TAGs.TAG 1 is health care technology;TAG 4 is Metrology and TAG 8 is Building.The secretariat of the TAGs is with the Central Secretariat.目前有3个咨询组：TAG 1；保健技术，TAG 4：计量学，TAG 8：建筑。TAG秘书处设置在中央秘书处内。Page 30TMB is responsible for tas
42、ks such as setting up the various technical committees(TC),appointing TC chairs and monitoring the progress of the technical work.TMB负责建立不同的技术委员会（TC），并指派TC的主席并监察技术工作的进程。It is responsible for the Directives,which are the rules for the development of International Standards,and it deals with all matte
43、rs of strategic planning,coordination,performance and monitoring of technical committee activities.TMB也负责指令这部分的工作，指令是指国际标准的制定规则，涉及所有关于战略规划、协调、执行和监督技术委员会活动的事项。Page 31Technical committee(TC)and subcommittee(SC)are the basic technical units and they are responsible for preparing ISO international stand
44、ards under its specified scope.Technical committees are established and dissolved by the technical management board.技术委员会（TC）和分委员会（SC）是基础技术单位，负责制定其专业领域内的ISO国际标准。由技术管理局建立和解散技术委员会。On ISO site the basic information is provided for each technical committee(TC),listed in numerical order,with subcommittee
45、s(SC)and working groups(WG).ISO网址上提供每个技术委员会的基本信息，这些委员会按编号顺序排列并附有分委员会和工作组信息。The list begins with JTC 1,the Joint ISO/IEC Technical Committee established in 1987.The ISO technical committees are assigned numbers in order of their establishment,from TC 1 in 1947 to TC 224 in 2001.委员会目录从ISO/IEC第1联合技术委员会
46、（JTC1）开始，该委员会建立于1987年。ISO技术委员会按其建立顺序编号，从TC 1（成立于1947年）到TC224（成立于2001年）。Page 32When a technical committee is dissolved,its number is not allocated to another technical committee.Certain technical committees have no further work item under study or foreseen;they regularly review the ISO International
47、Standards for which they are responsible and their titles are followed by“STAND-BY”in the list of technical committees.、若一个技术委员会解散，它的编号不再分配给另一个技术委员会。有些技术委员会根据前瞻或研究没有进一步的工作项目，他们定期复审他们负责的ISO国际标准，在委员会目录中在这些委员会名称后加“待命”（或“暂停”）字样。Every national body has the right to be a member on any technical committee
48、or subcommittee.It can choose P(Participating)or O(Observer)membership status.National bodies that want to hold the secretariat of the proposed committee say so during the survey.每个国家机构都有权成为任何技术委员会和分委员会成员。它可以选择P（参加）或O（观察员）成员资格身份。希望承担建议的委员会的秘书处的国家成员机构在调查期间予以表示。Page 33Election to the Technical Managem
49、ent Board 技术管理局选举技术管理局选举 To be eligible for appointment a member body must either hold at least one technical committee or subcommittee secretariat or be providing an individual with chairmanship responsibilities within at least one technical committee or subcommittee,or jointly hold the secretariat
50、 of at least one technical committee or subcommittee.有资格任命为TMB成员机构的，必须符合以下条件：一，担任至少一个技术委员会或分委员会的秘书处或其中有人员担任至少一个技术委员会或分委员会的主席。或 二，或共同承担至少一个技术委员会或分委员会的秘书处Eligibility任命资格任命资格:Page 34Central Secretariat 中央秘书处中央秘书处 The Central Secretariat acts as secretariat to the General Assembly,the Council,the policy
