1、急腹症的影像学诊断研究学习课件ACR 2010、RSNA 2011急腹症 检查方法及应用范围:1、腹部平片:胃肠道穿孔性或梗阻性急腹症 2、钡灌肠造影:肠套叠、扭转等梗阻性急腹症的诊治 3、CT检查:可用于所有急腹症检查,价值较高 4、超声检查:实质性脏器外伤、腹腔积液、局限性脓肿、结石与梗阻、肠套叠及急性炎症的筛查5、MR:孕妇急腹症 急腹症 肠道梗阻 消化道穿孔 急性重症消化道出血 阑尾炎、憩室炎 胰腺炎 胆管炎 缺血性肠病 腹部外伤 肠梗阻-位置 Gastric outlet obstruction:Only one/two air-fluid levels Homogeneous ma
2、ss displacing transverse colon Duodenal obstruction:Double-bubble sign;Frequently normal due to absence of gas from vomiting Jejunal and ileal obstruction:Candy cane:3 loops+3cm gas-fluid levels+35 hours onset Disparity in size between obstructed and normal loops Little/no gas+stool in colon with co
3、mplete mechanical obstruction after 12-24 hours Stepladder appearance;string-of-bead;肠梗阻-位置Upright abdominal radiograph shows multiple airfluid levels.Pneumobilia(arrow)is present,as is string-of pearls sign(arrowheads).String of pearls/bead sign Colonic obstruction Dilated colon only Dilated small
4、bowel(incompetent ileo-cecal valve)Gas-fluid levels distal to hepatic flexure(fluid is normal in cecum and ascending colon)Cecum most dilated portion(10cm will be critical)肠梗阻-位置盲肠10cm;正常盲肠、升结肠可有气液平面 Localized ileus Causes:often associated with adjacent acute inflammatory process(acute pancreatitis,
5、acute appendicitis,etc.)Sentinel loop:loops near the local peritonitis Closed-loop obstruction肠梗阻-位置局限性肠梗阻哨兵袢:临近部位腹膜炎 Closed-loop obstruction Fixation of bowel loop:Coffee bean sign:gas filled loop Pseudo-tumor:fluid-filled loop U-shaped dilated bowel loop Increasing intra-luminal fluid Beak sign:po
6、int of obstruction Whirl sign:twisting of bowel闭袢性肠梗阻结肠扭转:咖啡豆征肠梗阻分类 机械性肠梗阻单纯性肠梗阻:肠管通畅性障碍绞窄性肠梗阻:肠管通畅性障碍伴有血运障碍 动力性肠梗阻麻痹性肠梗阻:痉挛性肠梗阻:血运性肠梗阻:肠系膜动脉血栓或栓塞所致 钡剂造影须慎重使用,钡剂吸收水分会加重梗阻单纯性肠梗阻 阶梯状气液平 大跨度肠袢 鱼肋征绞窄性肠梗阻 假肿瘤征:两端闭锁的绞锁肠段内充满大量液体,仰卧位呈肿块影,而站立位或侧卧位水平位片上则在该肿瘤块影上部见一短小的液面 咖啡豆征:闭襻 小跨度蜷曲肠襻:肠系膜增厚缩短 长液面征:张力低、血性液体 空回
7、肠换位征:小肠扭转肠扭转 小肠扭转:空回肠换位、花瓣样或香蕉样排列 麻痹性肠梗阻 胃肠道穿孔游离气腹自1995-2007,美国急诊CT检查数量由270万例/每年增加至1620万例/每年,每年递增约16%急诊CT检查前三位的适应症为:腹痛、头痛和胸痛Radiology,2011,258:164-173以上病变保守治疗无好转或病情持续性加重!以上病变保守治疗无好转或病情持续性加重!消化道出血(GIB)J Clin Gastroenterol,2012,46(1):31-41 外伤后,评价腹腔内脏器情况 轻微损伤 3天后 7月后腹腔内/腹膜后活动性出血 M/62,持续上腹痛,屈曲位减轻,Plt降低
8、CT示腹主动脉假性动脉瘤破裂腹痛原因待查急性胰腺炎急性胰腺炎CTSI CTCTSI CT严重指数严重指数A-EA-E:胰腺形态变化、胰周渗出及胰周包裹性积液:胰腺形态变化、胰周渗出及胰周包裹性积液0-60-6:胰腺实质坏死面积胰腺实质坏死面积建议一周后扫描增强建议一周后扫描增强CTCT评估胰腺坏死情况,准确性高评估胰腺坏死情况,准确性高 M/75,右上腹痛1天,发热 CT示胆囊结石、胆囊炎、胆囊坏疽Susan Krajewski,et al.,Impact of computed tomography of the abdomen on clinical outcomes in patient
9、s with acute right lower quadrant pain:a meta-analysis,Can J Surg 2011,54(1):43-53 M/61,右下腹痛,发热 CT示阑尾周围脓肿外伤医源性肠道炎症肠道缺血肿瘤消化道穿孔的影像学表现医源性小肠穿孔肠梗阻,怀疑肠扭转或套叠 急诊首选CT平扫 应重视薄层冠状位及多平面重建!怀疑肠缺血坏死时可行CECT腹壁疝嵌顿粘连性肠梗阻 M/22,突发腹痛、黑便 CT示小肠套叠,近段小肠缺血 小肠型 回结型 结肠型 腹痛/便血/包块 首选方法:钡灌肠(可治疗)治疗套鞘(外筒)、套入部(中筒和内筒);M/39,突发腹痛;CT示空肠-回
10、肠套叠 空肠腺癌 M/19,进餐后呕吐3月,腹痛2日 CT示肠扭转(肠系膜血管漩涡征)缺血性肠病 M/58,突发腹痛、持续不缓解1天 CT示门脉系统广泛血栓形成,肠缺血肠系膜上动脉闭塞严重继发征象MRI在急腹症的应用Radiographics,2012,32(2):317-34Radiographics,2012,32(2):317-34F/27F/27,孕,孕2626周,急性阑尾炎周,急性阑尾炎Radiographics,2012,32(2):317-34F/33F/33,孕,孕2424周,周,活动性活动性CrohnCrohn氏病氏病Radiographics,2012,32(2):317-34胆石症胆石症急性胆囊炎急性胆囊炎患者男,外伤后腹痛2小时,可能的诊断为A.肝破裂,腹水B.脾破裂,腹水C.肝、脾破裂,腹水D.腹水