1、Persuasive Speech说服性演讲1ContentsDefinition of Persuasive SpeechInformative vs.PersuasiveAudience AdaptationTypes of Persuasive SpeechMonroes Motivated Sequence Tips for Successful PersuasionAssignment2Definition of Persuasive SpeechThe kind of speech where you use reasoning,emotional appeals or your
2、credibility to convince the listeners to agree with you or to inspire them to action.Ways of Persuasionreasoning,emotional appeals,credibilityPurposeto influence the attitudes,beliefs,values,and acts of the audience and othersRole of speakeran advocate 3Informative vs.PersuasiveIn an informative spe
3、ech,the speaker conveys facts and details.to define,to explain and to clarifyIn a persuasive speech,the speaker tries to shape/influence the listeners ideas,beliefs,attitudes,or behavior.4Persuasive speech:MENTAL DIALOGUE with the audience5Audience AdaptationA speaker should adapt the content and st
4、rategy to the audience:Their position Their major objections Their questions Their favorite style of communicationTips for audience adaptation Set a particular part of the whole audience as your TARGET AUDIENCE.Tailor your speech to fit the values and concerns of your target audience.6Types of Persu
5、asive SpeechPersuasive speeches on questions of fact 事实问题事实问题Persuasive speeches on questions of value 价值问题价值问题Persuasive speeches on questions of policy方法问题方法问题 71.Questions of FactQuestions of fact are questions about the truth or falsity of an assertion.Qs of fact can be answered with certainty e
6、.g.How far is NY to Beijing?e.g.Who is the first African American president?Qs of fact cannot be answered with certainty e.g.Will NAU enroll English major doctors in 10 years time?e.g.Are daily megadoses of vitamins beneficial to human health?(每天大量服用维生素有益健康？每天大量服用维生素有益健康？）8Attention！Persuasive speec
7、hes on a question of fact come about in a situation where the audience has serious doubt about the fact or a case.Informative speeches come about in situations where the audience wants to learn about the facts.Organization by topicsEach main point will present a reason(why agree);Subdivide the topic
8、 logically and consistently.9Example(1)Specific PurposeTo persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit Xian in the next ten years.Main pointsI.Xian is long overdue for a major earthquake.II.Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soo
9、n.III.Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit Xian any day.10Example(2)Specific Purpose to persuade my audience that genetically engineered crops(GEC)pose serious dangers to the environment and to human health.Central Idea GECs have the potential to create major environmental and health haza
10、rds.Main Points I.GECs will create environmental havoc by harming beneficial insects while creating superbugs and superweeds that will be very difficult to control.II.GECs will create health problems by introducing harmful toxins and allergens into foods without the knowledge of customers.112.Questi
11、ons of ValueQuestions of value are questions about the worth,rightness,morality and so forth of an idea or action.e.g.Is it justifiable to clone human beings?e.g.What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?12Organizationestablishing standards for the value judgmentapplying those standards t
12、o the speech topicPersuasion is based on your judgment about what is right or wrong,good or bad,moral or immoral,etc.Speaker needs to justify her/his value judgment in light of a clearly defined set of standards13Example(1)Specific Purpose To persuade my audience that capital punishment is wrong.Mai
13、n PointsI.Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment“Thou shalt not kill.”II.Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on“cruel and unusual punishment.”14Example(2)Specific Purpose to persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation.Central Idea Bi
14、cycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation because it is faster than walking or running,does not exploit animals or people,is nonpolluting,and promotes the health of the riders.Main PointsI.An ideal form of land transportation should meet four major standards:faster than running or walkin
15、g,not exploiting animals or people,nonpolluting,and beneficial for the person who uses it.II.Bicycle riding meets all these standards for an idea form of land transportation:faster than running or walking,not exploiting animals or people,nonpolluting,and beneficial for the person who uses it.153.Que
16、stions of PolicyQuestions of policy are questions about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.e.g.Should same-sex marriages be legalized?e.g.Should NAU pay teachers by their research output?16Speeches to gain passive agreement:Aim:to convince the audience that a given pol
17、icy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.Example(Try it!)To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standards on amusement-park rides.To persuade my audience that the authority should prohibit net bars from opening near schools17Spee
18、ches to gain immediate action:Aim:to get the audience to do sth in support of the policy.Specific recommendations should be made for action.Example(Try it!)To persuade my audience to donate money for a student who is critically ill.To persuade my audience to start a regular exercise program.To persu
19、ade my audience to take part in more public speaking activities.18Monroes Motivated Sequence An organizational pattern for planning and presenting persuasive speeches that involves five steps(门罗五步法门罗五步法)AttentionNeed:make the audience feel a need for change by stating the problem clearly with suppor
20、t materials.Satisfaction:satisfy the need by providing a solutionVisualization:visualize the benefits of your planAction:call for action19Step 1:AttentionA persuasive speech should begin by getting the audiences attentionThe attention step addresses core concerns of the audience,making the speech hi
21、ghly relevant to them20Step 2:NeedThe need step isolates and describes the issue to be addressed in the persuasive speechIf you can show the audience that they have an important need that must be satisfied,they have a reason to listen to your propositions21Step 3:SatisfactionThe satisfaction step id
22、entifies the solutionThis step offers the audience a proposal to reinforce or change their attitudes,beliefs,and values regarding the need at hand 22Step 4:VisualizationThe purpose of the visualization step is to carry the audience beyond accepting the feasibility of your proposal to seeing how it w
23、ill actually benefit themThe visualization step invokes needs of self-esteem and self-actualization23Step 5:ActionThe action step involves making a direct request of the audience to act according to their acceptance of the message24Tips for Successful Persuasion1.Increasing credibility/ethosExplain
24、your credibility e.g.Ive been shopping books on both dangdang and joyo many times,so let me tell you which one is better.e.g.My information comes from the work of Dr.Hong Zhaoguang,the most well-known cardiovascular expert in China.Show common ground with your audience.e.g.Im for/against the indepen
25、dent enrollment,and I know a lot of you are not with me.I ask only that you hear me out and see if my arguments have any merit whatsoever.Though we may disagree on this subject,you and I have at least one thing in common:We want to make our university enrollment system a fair one.252.Providing evide
26、nceChoose evidence from reliable,reputable sources.Provide a variety of evidence.e.g.According to an interview conducted by me with 20 students,60%of the people are against the independent enrollment.Tips for Successful Persuasion263.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)1)Hasty ge
27、neralizationA conclusion reached on the basis of insufficient evidence.It is often includes words like always,never,all and none.e.g.China is the only country in the world where students have to study very hard for one exam that will decide their future the college entrance exam.Tips for Successful
28、Persuasion273.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)2)Red herring A argument distracts listeners from the real issue and leads them toward an irrelevant issue.转移注意力的事/话题 e.g.Yes,the current university enrollment system has problems,but so does our medical care system,and housing sy
29、stem.Why dont we reform them?Tips for Successful Persuasion283.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)3)Attack on a personcriticizing an opponent rather than the opponents argument e.g.It is known that Edgar Allen Poe was an alcoholic.His stories are nothing but the fantasies of a d
30、runken mind.Tips for Successful Persuasion293.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)4)False cause,post hoc assumes that because A occurs before B,A causes B.e.g.The crime rate has increased since the governor took office;Im certainly not going to vote for him again.Tips for Success
31、ful Persuasion303.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)5)Building on an unproven assumption(begging the question)e.g.Since distance learning with a computer is more effective than traditional classroom education,all of you should take your college courses on your home computers.6)
32、False analogy e.g.He will make a wonderful president.Just look at the control he exerts over his own children.Tips for Successful Persuasion313.Use sound reasoning Errors in reasoning(logical fallacy)7)Either-or reasoning e.g.Either we halt the worlds population growth,or we face widespread starvati
33、on.8)Straw manThe Straw Man fallacy is committed when a person simply ignores a persons actual position and substitutes a distorted,exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position.e.g.Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program.I disagree entirely.I cant understand
34、 why he wants to leave us defenseless like that.Tips for Successful Persuasion32AssignmentChoose one of the topic and give a five-minute persuasive speech.Should students be allowed to get married in college?All individuals planning to have children should take child development and rearing courses.
35、Is it good to receive college education at home?Is intercultural marriage a good idea?Is it good for college student to take part in beauty pageants?33Scoring of Each Others SpeechMeet assignmentTopic challengingSpecific purpose well chosenMessage adapted to the audienceSpeech completed within the time limitsHeld interest of audience34Thank you 35
