1、非谓语动词,知识梳理,非谓语动词指不能单独作谓语，但仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词。它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等。,一、非谓语动词的各种形式,二、如何确定非谓语动词的形式 首先要找出相应的逻辑主语。作表语、状语和主语补足语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语；作定语时，其逻辑主语是它所修饰的词；作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语是句子的宾语。如果非谓语动词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，应该用动词-ing形式或不定式的主动式；如果是动宾关系，即逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者，应该用过去分词或不定式的被动式。,非谓语动词的完
2、成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。非谓语动词的一般式与谓语动词的关系如下： 1. 不定式的一般式所表示的动作可能发生在 谓语动词所表示的动作之后，也可能与谓 语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如： I hope to see you again. Would you help me put things in order?,2. 动词-ing形式的一般式所表示的动作可能发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前或之后，也可能与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如： Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw fanta
3、stic scenery. Larry went out shutting the door behind him. Walking down the street, I ran into Ben.,三、非谓语动词的一些用法 1. 动词-ing形式和不定式作主语和宾语 通常，动词-ing形式着重进程，不定式着重结果。但有时二者有下列不同之处： 1) 动词-ing形式的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语则常是句子中的名词或代词。 2) 动词-ing形式可表示一般或抽象的多次性的动作，而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。,3) 有些动词后常跟不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有agree, a
4、im, arrange, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, intend, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, wish等。 4) 有些动词后常跟动词-ing形式作宾语。这类动词常见的有admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear, escape, stand, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagi
5、ne, risk, practice, suggest等。,2. 非谓语动词作定语 1) 不定式作定语 a. 作定语的不定式与它所修饰的名词或 代词在逻辑上可能是主谓关系，也可能是动宾关系。如： You are the right person to do this job. Do you have any suggestions to offer?,b. 名词前有only, last, next，序数词或形容词最高级时，其后常用不定式作定语。如： Miss Brown was the next person to rise to speak. John was the second man
6、to hear the news. Its not the best place to live if you wish to develop your knowledge and love of mountains.,c. 有些名词的同根动词后常跟不定式，因而它也常跟不定式作定语。如： They planned to produce energy from waste material. They made a plan to produce energy from waste material.,2) 动词-ing形式作定语可表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常发生的或短暂的动作以及经常存在的
7、状态。如： Who is the woman talking to Jim? There were 220 children studying in the art school.,3) 过去分词作定语常表示被动或已经发生的动作。如： In the end, the program offered by Wilson was adopted. 3. 非谓语动词作状语 1) 不定式作状语，常表示目的、结果等。作结果状语时，常用“only +不定式”结构，表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的结果。如： A friend of mine came to see me tonight. I jumped wi
8、th joy to hear it. I arrived only to find that the others had already left.,2) 动词-ing形式或过去分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。其前可用连词while, when, once, if, unless等。如： Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Convinced that they were trying to poison her, she refused to eat anything.
9、She was often nervous when facing the camera. Im sure Ivan will come if asked.,4. 非谓语动词作表语 不定式作表语， 常用来说明主语的具体 内容。如： The purpose of this meeting is to elect a new captain.,2) 过去分词作表语， 常表示主语的性质、 特征或状态。如： We were delighted to receive your letter. His clothes were covered with dust.,3) 动词-ing形式作表语， 可用于说
10、明主语 的内容，常指一般性、 经常性的动作； 也可表示主语所具有的特征或属性。如： Her job was tending the sheep. The article was misleading, and the newspaper has apologized.,5. 非谓语动词作补语 1) 动词-ing形式表示正在进行的活动或反复的动作，而不定式则表示整个活动或事件的全过程。如： I see him passing my house every day. I asked George to convey my best wishes to his mother.,2) 感官动词和使役动
11、词后要接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语，但用于被动语态时，需把to补出来。如： Did you see anyone enter the house? A child was seen to enter the house.,四、非谓语动词独立结构 非谓语动词可有其独立的逻辑主语，这种逻辑主语常常是名词或代词，置于非谓语动词之前，二者构成非谓语动词独立结构。这种独立结构常用作状语。如： The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principles, the details to
12、be worked out later. The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. Theyll send you the book for $2.75, postage included.,高考链接,. 用括号内动词的正确形式填空。 1. It took years of work _ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.【2014新课标全国卷I】 2. One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about
13、_ (be) late for school. 【2014新课标全国卷II】 3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _ (connect). 【福建2014】,to reduce,being,connected,4. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _ (perform) live is quite another. 【浙江2015】 5. H
14、e is thought _ (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job. 【江西2014】 6. In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message _ (hide) within the work. 【江苏2016】,being performed,to have acted,hidden,7. To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you
15、 to look at a study _ (conduct) in Australia in 2012. 【浙江2016】 8. There are still many problems _ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. 【北京2014】 9. Last night, there were millions of people _ (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV. 【北京2014】 10. _ (make) it easier to get in touch
16、with us, youd better keep this card at hand. 【北京2016】,conducted,to be solved,watching,To make,11. _ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now. 【北京2016】 12. The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows, _ (make) air conditioning unnecessary. 【天津2016】 13. Anxiously,
17、she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only _ (find) it didnt fit.【天津2014】,Ordered,making,to find,. 单项选择。 1.【2015北京】_ the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. A. Catching. B. Caught. C. To catch. D. Catch 【解析】为了赶上早班的飞机，我们提前叫了出租车并且起得很早。这里逻辑主语是we，空中用不定式作目的状
18、语，表示提前叫出租车并早起的目的。,2. 【2015湖南】When the clerk saw a kind of face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, _ whether to stay or leave. A. wondering B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondered,【解析】当店员看到一张漂亮的脸上挤出一副抱歉的笑容时, 她像扎根似地定在了那里, 想着是去还是留。she与动词wonder构成主动关系, 因此用v.ing形式作伴随状语。,3.【2015天津】
19、_ for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. A. To work B. Worked C. To be working D. Having worked 【解析】工作了两天，史蒂夫成功地按时完成了他的报告。句中的逻辑主语为Steve, 与work之间为主动关系, 故用现在分词, 这里用having worked, 表示动作的先后性。,4.【2015福建】In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared, _ the sense of “infor
20、mation” and “atmosphere”. A. combine B. combined C. combing D. being combined,【解析】最近几年，一个叫做“infosphere”的英语单词出现了，结合了“信息”和“气氛”这两个单词的意义。这里的结合与前面新出现的单词的关系是主动的。,5.【2015江苏】Much time _ sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. A. being spent B. having spent C. spent D. sp
21、ending,【解析】上班族们坐在办公桌前太久，一般会受到健康问题的困扰。分词的逻辑主语和后面主句的主语不一致，应用独立主格结构。分词主语和分词动作之间构成選辑上的动宾关系， 且已完成，用过去分词。,6.【2015重庆】_ in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. A. Being raised B. Raising C. Raised D. To raise,【解析】由于在格拉斯哥最穷的地方长大，他要想成为足球明星还有很长的路要走。raise的逻辑主语是he，他在
22、这个地方长大(被抚养长大)，是被动关系，且是一个已完成的动作。,巩固练习,I. 用括号内动词的正确形式填空。 1. With exams _ (approach), its a good idea to review your class notes. 2. All afternoon, Peter worked with the door _ (lock). 3. _ (see) from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 4. Jack won first place in the 100-metre race in the sports meet
23、ing, _ (set) a new record.,approaching,locked,Seen,setting,5. This village is made up of 490 families _ (belong) to five nationalities. 6. The door of the house _ (close) all day long burst open just now. 7. The play _ (put) on by the teachers was a big success. 8. An old man, _ (bring) his own equi
24、pment, volunteered as a guide for us.,belonging,closed,put,bringing,II. 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子 。 1. Simon was _ _ _ _ _ (唯一抱怨的人). Do you think he deserves a higher salary? 2. _ _ _ (所有的事都考虑在内), his plan seems better than all the others. 3. _ _ _ _ (当被问到她是谁), she said she was Mr. Johnsons friend.,the only
25、one,to complain,All things considered,Asked who she was,4. From the dates _ _ _ _ _ (金币上标记的), the scientists learnt that it was made five hundred years ago. 5. She refused to discuss her decision _ _ _ _ (退出这个组). 6. Mrs. Li showed her students _ _ _ _ (一些借来的旧照片) from the city library.,marked on the,
26、gold coin,to,old photos borrowed,quit the group,some,7. With Mothers Day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank _ _ _ (去买礼物) for my mum. 8. I have _ _ _ _ (许多事要做) today, so Im afraid I cant go shopping with you this evening. 9. The dining room is clean and tidy, with _ _ _ _ (已经摆
27、好的桌子) for a meal to be served.,to buy gifts,many things to do,a table already laid,. 用非谓语动词短语补全下面句子， 使每组句子的意思相同或相近 。 1. I found the front door locked. I went round the back. _ _ _ _ _, I went round the back. 2. I was short of money. I couldnt afford to buy a new car. _ _ _ _, I couldnt afford to buy
28、 a new car.,Finding the,front door locked,Being short of,money,3. The painting was lost for many years. It turned up at an auction. _ _ _ _, the painting turned up at an auction. 4. The meat was cooked for several hours. However, it was still tough. Although _ _ _ _, the meat was still tough. 5. The
29、re was so much noise. I couldnt hear what was going on. _ _ _ _ _, I couldnt hear what was going on.,Lost for many,years,cooked for several hours,There being so much noise,. 用括号内动词的正确形式完成下面短文 。 A In a split second, with no one 1. _ (pay) attention, the two prisoners escaped from the back of the poli
30、ce car. They were handcuffed (给戴上手铐) to each other. It was minutes before a policeman saw them 2. _ (run) down the street. “Well follow,” two policemen said. “Have the driver bring the car to the end of the road.,paying,run/running,Tell him 3. _ (let) them get away. If were not careful, well have th
31、e whole neighborhood complaining that weve been careless.” The prisoners were still running side by side. The policemen saw them 4. _ (race) up the hill and 5. _ (disappear) round a corner. “Well never catch them now!” one of the policemen said. “I asked you 6. _ (leave) them unattended.”,not to let
32、,race/racing,disappear,not to leave,The prisoners were running at top speed. Suddenly, they saw a lamp post (柱) in front of them. “Go left! Go right!” they each shouted at the same time, 7. _ (run) on either side of the lamp post. The police found them finally, 8. _ (lie) on the pavement, unhurt, da
33、zed (眩晕的), and with silly smiles on their faces.,running,lying,B While 1. _ (prepare) a meal for her guests, Mrs. Grant got rather worried about some unusual mushrooms which a kind friend had sent her from the country. 2. _ (feel) suspicious (怀疑的), she gave a mushroom to her dog. 3. _ (see) that the
34、 dog ate it with no ill effects, Mrs. Grant decided 4. _ (cook) the mushrooms for her guests.,preparing,Feeling,Seeing/Having seen,to cook,That evening the guests greatly enjoyed the mushrooms, 5. _ (comment) on their unusual flavor. They quickly changed their minds when Mrs. Grants daughter, Jill,
35、burst into the dining room and announced that the dog was dead. 6. _ (shock), Mrs. Grant phoned Dr. Craig, who came round immediately and pumped out the stomachs of all those who had eaten the mushrooms a very unpleasant experience for them.,commenting,Shocked,When Dr. Craig asked if he could see th
36、e dog, he was led out of the house. He soon discovered that the dog had been killed by a passing car. 7. _ (know) anything of her mothers suspicions about the mushrooms, Jill hadnt mentioned this important fact when 8. _ (announce) the death of the dog.,Not knowing,announcing,C Mr. Boxell was just s
37、hutting his shoe shop at the end of the day when a man in a well-cut suit walked in and asked for an expensive pair of shoes. The way that the man walked made Mr. Boxell suspicious. He felt as if he had seen him before somewhere, and then remembered that he had on TV! The man was a(n) 1. _ (want) cr
38、iminal! The man tried on a few pairs of shoes before he bought a pair strongly 2. _ (recommend) by Mr. Boxell.,wanted,recommended,“Theyre a bit tight,” the man complained. “Theyll stretch, sir,” Mr. Boxell said. As Mr. Boxell had expected, the man limped (跛行) into the shop next day 3. _ (complain) about the shoes. As soon as he entered the shop, he found himself 4. _ (surround) by police. Mr. Boxell had deliberately sold the man a pair of shoes that were a size too small, 5. _ (know) he would return the next day!,to complain,surrounded/being surrounded,knowing,
