1、病 例 患者,女,38岁 主诉:主诉:发现贫血八年余,加重半月 病史:病史:患者八年余前产检发现贫血,无不适,予输血对症治疗(具体不详),后复查血常规指标较前升高(未见报告),患者未予重视。三年前患者劳累后出现头晕乏力,偶有头痛,余无不适。至浙一就诊,血常规:WBC2.7*109/L,N1.4*109/L,HB 85g/L,PLT125*109/L,Ret2.0。骨髓涂片:有核细胞量少,粒红系增生活跃,巨核细胞数量中等,产板功能佳。VitB12、叶酸、血清铁、自身抗体无殊。Coombs试验阴性。CD55、CD59检测未见异常,予升血宁及铁剂等对症治疗,自觉上述症状好转。半月前上述症状加重,劳累
2、时出现头痛,有耳鸣,听力下降,至当地查血常规 WBC1.78*109/L,N1.6*109/L,HB69g/L,PLT 123*10E9/L”,予中药治疗自觉无好转,遂至我院门诊,2015-8-17拟“贫血”收住。血常规:WBC 2.2,N 1.2,L 0.8,HB 45,MCV 110.3,MCH 38.5,PLT98,Ret 3.2%。叶酸 8.42,血清维生素B12 532pg/ml,铁蛋白585.6ng/ml.CD55,CD59表达正常。抗核抗体等检查阴性。骨髓小粒少骨髓小粒少,有核细胞量显著减少,易见多量脂肪滴。有核细胞量显著减少,易见多量脂肪滴。粒系增生活跃,以中幼粒以下阶段增生为
3、主。各阶段比例,形态无殊。粒系增生活跃,以中幼粒以下阶段增生为主。各阶段比例,形态无殊。红系增生活跃红系增生活跃,以中晚幼红细胞增生为主。幼红细胞可偶见核出芽。成熟红细胞轻,以中晚幼红细胞增生为主。幼红细胞可偶见核出芽。成熟红细胞轻度大小不一。度大小不一。成熟淋巴细胞比例明显增高占成熟淋巴细胞比例明显增高占35%35%,形态无殊。,形态无殊。巨核细胞数量减少巨核细胞数量减少,全片共见巨核,全片共见巨核2 2个,皆为颗巨个,皆为颗巨.骨髓小粒呈空架状骨髓小粒呈空架状,以非造血细胞增生为主,外铁,以非造血细胞增生为主,外铁(无小粒无小粒)内铁:幼红细胞内铁:幼红细胞少少 4骨髓流式检查:骨髓流式检
4、查:未见明显异常原始以及幼稚细胞。骨髓活检:骨髓活检:骨髓造血组织增生十分低下,可见少量粒红造血血细胞以中晚幼为主,巨核细胞偶见,并见多小簇幼稚细胞增生,网状纤维轻度增生。染色体:染色体:46,XY20基因突变:基因突变:DNMT3A(+),IDH1/2(-),SFSB1(-),U2AF1(-),SRSF2(-)诊断:诊断:u 再生障碍性贫血?u低增生性骨髓增生异常综合征?AA诊断思路除外其他引起全血细胞减少的疾病多部位骨髓检查,明确诊断再生障碍性贫血,是一组骨髓造血组织减少,造血功能衰竭,导致周围血全血细胞减少的综合病征。良MDS诊断思路排除反应性病态造血和其他血细胞减少证明病态造血和血细胞
5、减少是MDS克隆所致骨髓增生异常综合征是起源于造血干细胞的一组异质性髓系克隆性疾病恶Overlap in bone marrow failure syndromeshaematologica|2009;94(2)鉴别诊断应做的检查多部位骨穿,包括胸骨穿刺骨髓细胞学骨髓活检形态学染色体核型分析FISH细胞遗传学结合临床80%MDS患者可以诊断20%?AA 与hMDS鉴别诊断 1.形态 2.克隆证据 3.克隆演变difference in morphologic diagnosesDiscordance,defined as a difference in morphologic diagnose
6、s between the referring center and MDACC,was documented in 109 of the 915(12%)patients.Morphological differentiation of severe aplastic anaemia from hypocellular refractory cytopenia of childhoodHistopathology(2012)61,1017RCC,Refractory cytopenia of childhood;SAA,severe aplastic anaemia形态易鉴别 原始比例(5%
7、)有病态,病态比例高,有特殊病态类型(RARS)合并较明显骨髓纤维化-MDS合并MPN红系粒系巨核系细胞核核出芽,核间桥核碎裂,多核(奇数)核分叶减少,核分叶呈花瓣状、核不规则、子母核巨幼样变胞质环状铁粒幼细胞空泡PAS染色阳性胞体小或异常增大核分叶减少(假Pelger-Hut;pelgeriod)不规则核分叶增多环状核胞质颗粒减少或无颗粒假Chediak-Higashi颗粒Auer小体小巨核细胞核分叶减少多核(正常巨核细胞为单核分叶)单圆核多圆核微巨核胞质巨大血小板气球样血小板红系巨幼变诊断MDS意义最小,微巨核细胞为最可靠的发育异常标志。各系发育异常表现各系发育异常表现各系特征性形态改变各
8、系特征性形态改变MDS形态学改变(病态发育)最常见的骨髓细胞发育异常征象最常见的骨髓细胞发育异常征象多核35%巨幼变56%细胞核改变40%假性佩尔格尔细胞49%颗粒形成减少45%单圆核巨核细胞47%核碎裂32%小巨核细胞29%单纯病态发育如何鉴别?部分AA可有轻度红系病态(巨幼样变)单一轻度红系病态慎重诊断为MDS 粒系和巨核系病态对MDS重要意义 病态发育并非MDS特有骨髓活检的鉴别价值 不成熟前体细胞异常定位、原始细胞簇hMDS 脂肪组织增生AA 网硬蛋白超过(+),排除AAJ Clin Pathol 1985;38:1218-24.AA 与hMDS鉴别诊断 1.形态 2.克隆证据 3.克
9、隆演变中国专家共识 寻找MDS克隆性造血证据的手段常规染色体核型分析、FISH、流式细胞术检测、基因芯片、基因点突变分析Chromosomal abnormalities considered presumptive evidence of diseaseMDS克隆证据染色体核型分析Am J Hematol.2013 October;88(10):831837Acquisition of Cytogenetic Abnormalities(ACA)in Patients with IPSSdefined Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome Acquisiti
10、on of cytogenetic abnormalities was detected in 107 patients(29%).Cytopenic patients(5%bone marrow blast)will carry less chromosomal abnormality(21%).Cytopenic patients only with dysplasia will rarely carry chromosomal abnormality(?).RCC(refractory cytopenia of childhood)骨髓细胞数和核型异常Interim analysis o
11、f studies EWOG-MDS 1998 and 2006.Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program.2011;2011:84-9.+8、20q-、-y不能作为MDS唯一的推定证据N Engl J Med.2011 Jun 30;364(26)Blood 2013;112(22)111 genes-738 patients in Europe104 genes-944 patients in Japan&GermanLeukemia.2014 Feb;28(2)18 genes-439 patients in USAMDS克隆证据基因突变MDS基因突变
12、频率Papaemmanuil,etal.Blood.2013Nov21;122(22):3616-27Hafelachetal.Leukemia.2013.(e-pubaheadofprint)MDS mutation landscapeMayo Clin Proc.July 2015;90(7):969-983 当缺乏特定形态诊断标准时,基因突变是基因突变是否否可以替代染色体异常染色体异常作为MDS证据?MDS基因突变的频率?Frequency-exclusionNo JAK2 mutation-PV is essentially excluded.There is no single ge
13、ne that is mutated in the majority of cases of MDS.MDS mutation landscapeMayo Clin Proc.July 2015;90(7):969-983MDS基因突变的特异性?Specificity-presumptive evidenceMetaphase karyotyping&SNP-A karyotypingBLOOD,23 JUNE 2011 VOLUME 117,NUMBER 25AA的克隆证据辨别真克隆与假克隆?Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program.2011;2011:9
14、0-5基因突变的意义?Highly frequent gene mutation:not specific less frequent gene mutation:may be specific Somatic mutation:BRAF-HCL STAT3/5BT/NK FLT-ITD,IDH1/2,NPM1 AML germline mutations:RUNX1,CEBPA,GATA2,ETV6,DDX41,TERT,DKC1-IBMF,secondary MDS AA 与hMDS鉴别诊断 1.形态 2.克隆证据 3.克隆演变非肿瘤患者外周血DNA的全外显子测序authorNO.comp
15、ositiongeneGenovese et al12,3806135(psychiatric disorders),6245(healthy Controls)unselected for cancer or hematologic phenotypesJaiswal et al17,18222 population-based cohorts in three consortia(genomicrisk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality)160 genes(known associated with myeloid and
16、 lymphoid cancersN Engl J Med.2014 Dec 25;371(26):2488-98N Engl J Med.2014 Dec 25;371(26):2477-87CHIP,Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Poteniall Absence of definitive morphological evidence of a hematological neoplasml Does not meet diagnostic criteria for PNH,MGUS,or MBLl Presence of a somatic
17、 mutation associated with hematological neoplasia at a variant allele freqency of at least 2%(eg.DNMT3A,TET2,ASXL1,JAK2,SF3B1,TP53,CBL,GNB1,BCOR,U2AF1,CREBBP,CUX1,SRSF2,MLL2,SETD2,SETDB1,GNAS,PPM1D,BCORL1)l Odds of progression to overt neoplasia are approximately 0.5-1%per year,similar to MGUSCHIP和年
18、龄相关110N Engl J Med.2014 Dec 25;371(26):2488-98N Engl J Med.2014 Dec 25;371(26):2477-87CHIP是髓系肿瘤的前驱状态从克隆造血到MDS的演变N Engl J Med.2014 Dec 25;371(26):2477-87克隆发展模型Nat Med.2014 December;20(12):14721478.MDS疾病谱CHIPNon-clonal ICUSCHIPCCUSMDS-Ulower risk MDSHigher risk MDScytopenia+-+dysplasia-+(10%)+(10%)+cl
19、onality-+BM blast%5%5%5%5%5%19%Overall riskVery lowVery lowLow(?)Low(?)lowhighAdapted fromClonal cytopeniaMDS by WHO 2008Traditional ICUSAA演变为MDS既往观点 MDACC 128MDACC 128名名AAAA患者随访患者随访1010年发现,年发现,9.3%9.3%的的AAAA患者转化成患者转化成MDSMDS。原因原因1.低增生性MDS 初诊AA,6月内确诊的MDS2.克隆转化 初诊AA,6月后确诊的MDS(1)免疫抑制剂使用(经39月随访,AA免疫抑制剂治
20、疗患者发生克隆性疾病几率是移植患者15倍)(2)AA向MDS的内在转化(单独接受雄激素治疗患者与接受免疫抑制剂患者发生克隆性疾病几率相似)可能机制可能机制 AA患者端粒缩短起重要作用遗传不稳定Cancer.2007 Oct 1;110(7):1520-6.JAMA.2010 September 22;304(12):13581364.Behavior of SNP-A characterized lesions through the clinical courseBLOOD,23 JUNE 2011 VOLUME 117,NUMBER 25AA的细胞遗传学演变如今一名再障患者的克隆演变一名再
21、障患者的克隆演变N ENGL J MED 373;1 July 2,2015 AA患者中伴发PNH的演变(115)(19)(2)(2)Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program.2011;2011:90-5167 名重型再障患儿治疗及MDS/AML 转化Blood,Vol 90,No 3(August 1),1997:pp 1009-1013可能机制:免疫选择压力下的克隆转化Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program.2011;2011:90-5AA和hMDS的免疫机制Overlap in MDS and AA共性:CSA等免
22、疫治疗有效AA免疫机制Lancet.2005 May 7-13;365(9471):1647-56.重型再障患者免疫治疗Lancet.2005 May 7-13;365(9471):1647-56.AA基因突变与疗效N ENGL J MED 373;1 July 2,2015Unfavorable mutations:DNMT3A,ASXL1,TP53,RUNX1,JAK2,JAK3,or CSMD1Favorable mutations:PIGA or BCOR and BCORL1MDS免疫机制MDS患者免疫治疗Semin Oncol.2011 October;38(5):667672小结hMDS与AA的鉴别 形态学鉴别对于髂骨病态造血不明显但高度怀疑MDS,胸骨穿刺发现粒系和巨核系病态造血,支持hMDS。骨髓活检:ALIP、原始细胞簇、骨髓纤维化(网硬蛋白(+),可除外AA)细胞遗传学和流式染色体:-Y,单纯+8,20q-,不能鉴别MDS与AAFCM显示CD34+细胞1%则有利于MDS诊断。分子学检测的意义 克隆证据的发现 真克隆的判定 监测克隆演变AA和hMDS在难以鉴别可暂归CCUS小结hMDS与AA的鉴别AAAAT淋巴细胞功能亢进体细胞突变MDSMDS体细胞突变形成恶性克隆T淋巴细胞功能亢进T淋巴细胞功能亢进体细胞突变形成恶性克隆谢谢大家!