1、医学英语术语学及应用1Chapter OneAn Etymological (词源的)Study of English Language2Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesnEnglish belongs to the Indo-European family of languages,a very broad language family including most of the European languages spoken today.nThe word for father vater(in German),pater(in Greek)
2、,pedar in(Persian),pater(in Latin),and pitr(in Sanskrit)3Indo-European and Germanic InfluencesnIn case of the word“brother”,it is of similar nature.In Greek it is phrater,in Latin frater,in Sanskrit bhratar,in French frere and in German brudernOf all the different branches in Indo-European family,tw
3、o are of paramount importance,the Germanic and the Romance.English is in the Germanic group of languages.4Old English(450-1100)nThe Angles,Saxons,and Jutes from northern Germany,Denmark and northern Holland invaded British Isles and began to populate those areas.nAnglo-Saxons 5Old English(450-1100)n
4、the original,Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is know England Scotland,Wales,Cornwall and Ireland,leaving behind a few Celtic words.6Old English(450-1100)nThe invaders language,Anglo-Saxon,developed into what we know as Old Englishnwater,stone,foot,fire,sheep,and strong derive from Old Englis
5、h roots7The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)nWilliam the Conqueror,the Duke of Normandy,subsequently King William I,invaded and conquered England and the Anglo-Saxons in 1066.They spoke a dialect of Old French known as Anglo-Norman.The Normans were also of Germanic stock and Anglo-Norma
6、n was a French dialect that had considerable Germanic influences in addition to the basic Latin roots.8The Norman Conquest and Middle English(1100-1500)nThe influence of the Normans:beef and cownBeef Anglo-NormannCow GermannThe mixture of the two languages:Middle English9Early Modern English(1500-18
7、00)nThe next wave of innovation in English came with the Renaissance.Many classical Latin and Greek words were brought into the Language:grammar,logic,arithmetic,geometry,astronomy,and musicnWilliam Shakespeare10Late Modern English(1800-Present)nThe principal distinction between Early Modern English
8、 and Late modern English is vocabulary.nTwo historical factors:Industrial Revolution and the British EmpirenNeologism:oxygen,protein,nuclear,vaccine(Latin/Greek roots)11Late Modern English(1800-Present)nHorsepower,airplane,typewriter(English roots)nThis burst of neologism continues today,visible in
9、the field of electronics and computers:cyber-,bios,hard-drive,and microchip12Late Modern English(1800-Present)nIn addition,the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world but to introduce words into English.nFinally,the 20th century saw
10、 two world wars,and the military influence on the language13Chapter TwonAn Etymological Study of Medical EnglishnBased on their origin,medical terms can be divided into two large categories:native and borrowed.14Words Evolved from Old EnglishnOld English is believed to have essentially developed fro
11、m dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons.Most medical words from old English denote anatomic structures,organs,substances,and basic concepts of human activities.15Anatomic Words16Words Denoting Concepts17Words Originated from GreeknFrom Greek,Early Modern English received grammar,logic,arithmetic,geomet
12、ry,astronomy,and music.And medical terminology is one of the areas that have been influenced by Greek.18Words Originated from Greek19Words Originated from LatinnThe earliest influence of Latin language on English may date back to the Roman Empire.With the expansion,the Romans brought their language
13、to other parts of the entire Empire.Greater influence was exerted after the Norman Conquest.20Words Originated from Latin21Words Borrowed from FrenchnAfter the Norman Conquest,the conquerors ruled the country for a long period of time and left a deep influence on the English language.A great number of French words,including those used in medical works,took their roots in English.Borrowing from French has continued till present time.22Words Borrowed from French23Words Borrowed from German 24Words Borrowed from Italian25Words Borrowed from Spanish26Words from Direct Coinage27
