医学英语词汇概述培训课件.ppt

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1、文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。简介 医学词汇的来源 基本构词方法 读音规则文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。简介文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。语言大致有三要素三要素:语音语音、语法语法、词汇词汇从语音语音上看,医学英语医学英语与普通英语普通英语的读音规则、发音方法没有明显差别。从语法语法上看,医学英语医学英语虽然有自己的一些特点,如大量使用被动语态被动语态、非谓语动词非谓语动词等,但仍属于普通英语普通英语的范畴,并没有形成独立的语法体系。文档仅供参考,不能

2、作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Public EnglishEnglishProfessionalMedicineMedical EnglishMedical English文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。l而就词汇词汇而言,医学英语中大量出现专业词汇和术语(terminology),可占到全文的10%20%。l由于医学是一门复杂的科学,历史悠久,分支众多,所以其词汇量也就特别大,而且有着一些显著的特点。l一般来说,词形较复杂、长度较长的医学英语词汇都包含了一定的医学英语词根词缀。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿

3、;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。l在一本中等容量的字典里医学专业词汇有多少?l保守估计大约100,000个l而且在一个发展中的领域,这个数字还在迅速地扩大lmemorization!文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Learn Medical Terminology New students to Medical Terminology often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation.文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。pneumonoult

4、ramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisAnkylosing Spondylitis Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica Fibromyalgia Tenosynoritis Myeloradiculopathy Osteomalacia Scoliosis SpondylolysisChonechondrosternonCavoequinovarusEnchondromatosisOsteomyelitis文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。各个领域造就的最长单词不一而论,大部分情况下公认最

5、长的单词是:共1934个字母的“色氨酸合成酶A蛋白质”(一种含有267种氨基酸酶)的全称:MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylsErylleucyllysyliso

6、leucylaspartylthreonylleucylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarfinylalanylphenylalanylalanylalanylglycylvalythreonylprolyl

7、alanylglutaminylcysteinylphenylalanylglutamylmethionylleucylalanylleuOylisoleucylarginylglutaminyllysyhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylglycylleucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylphenylalanylasparaginyllysyglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylphenylalanylthrosylalanylglutaminylcys

8、teinylglutamyllysylvalylglycylvalylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolylpr

9、olylaspartylalanylaspartylaspartylaspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyrOsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylValylalanyllysylleuc

10、yllysylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylalanylalanylprolylprolylleucylglutaminylglgycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanylprolylaspartylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylalanylglycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycylserylalanylisoleucylvalyllysylisoIeucylisoleucylglutamylglutami

11、nylHistidylasparaginyliSoleucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylcalylglutaminylprolylmethionlysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylserine(1934个字母)文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。学习和记忆医学专业词汇有一定的方法,也可以帮助“理性的”猜出不熟悉的

12、词汇的意思 这样,需要记住的词汇限于 400到500 个左右(常用的),但它们的组合是无限的 文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。electrocardiogram +-+文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosisnju:mnultrmaikrskpiksilikvlkeinukuniusis 医硅酸盐沉着病,矽肺病pneumono-(of lung)ultra-(beyond)micro(very small)scopic-(

13、of viewing or observing)silico-(of silicon)volcano coni-(koni,of dust)osis-(forming the name of a disease)文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Everything solved?-Far from it!文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。医学词汇的来源医学词汇的来源文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。医学英语在其长期的发展过程中受到多种语言的影响,其词汇大约75%

14、来源于Greek(希腊语)及Latin(拉丁语):Anglo-Saxon(古英语):医学英语中人体部分人体部分的名称主要来源于此,如handfootarm,eye,ear,chin,heart,bone etc.这些词汇至今应用频率仍很高文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。l Greek(希腊语):主要是大部分的医学复合词汇医学复合词汇:dyspepsia消化不良pharyngeal咽的文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。l Latin(拉丁语):很多医学术语医学术语来源于此,如:mammal 哺乳动物pect

15、orals 胸肌abdominal 腹部的 1895年,国际公认拉丁语拉丁语为世界医药界国际用语,正规的处方或药名应该用拉丁语书写。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。lFrench(法语):对医学英语的影响比不上Greek(希腊语)及Latin(拉丁语),位居第三,如:massage 按摩 goitre 甲状腺肿lItalian(意大利语):如:influenza 流行性感冒malaria疟疾文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。lSpanish(西班牙语):如:mosquito蚊子lJapanese(日语):

16、如:Ginseng人参文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。lChinese?阴yin 阳yang气功qigong拔火罐(fire)cupping 文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。基本构词方法文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。three elements used to make up a medical term:word roots Suffixes Prefixes文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word Root

17、s(WR)The main part or foundation of the word is the root.Usually derived form Greek or Latin Frequently indicates a body part Most medical terms have one or more word roots文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Identify the word root in the following non-medical words:teacher,teaches,teaching(teach)

18、speaking,speaker,speaks(speak)reader,reading,reads(read)Word roots in medical terminology are usually derived from Greek or Latin and usually refer to a body part.文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Examples of Word RoodsGreek WordWord RootKardia(heart)CardiGaster(stomach)GastrHepar(liver)HepatNe

19、phros(kidney)NephrOsteon(bone)oste文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Combining Form(CF)is a Word Root(WR)plus a vowel,usually an“o”Usually indicates a body partCombining Forms(CF)文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Combining Forms Examples Cardi/+o=cardi/oheart gastr/+o=gastr/ostomach hepat/+

20、o=hepat/oliver nephr/+o=nephr/okidney oste/+o=oste/obone文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Compound Word Compound words can be formed when 2 or more word roots are used to build the word.Sometimes word roots are words.Word root+word root=Compound word Chicken +Pox =Chickenpox Word root word root

21、 compound word Examples:underage,shorthand,download,brainstem 文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Compound Word Compound word can also be formed from a combining form and a whole word.Therm/o +meter =Therm/o/meter Combining form word compound word文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Suffixes A

22、suffix is added to the end of a word root to modify its meaning.The suffix will usually tell what is happening to the root.A combining vowel is often used to connect a suffix to a root term.Suffix usually indicates a procedure,condition,disease,or part of speech Usually derived from Greek or Latin文档

23、仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Examples of Suffix Arthr/o-centesis Arthrocentesisjoint puncture puncture of a joint throac/o -tomy Thoracotomychest incision incision of the chest gastr/o -megaly Gastromegalystomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Su

24、ffix:Singular vs.PluralGreekSingular Suffixeso-on o Spermatozoon,gangliono-mao Carcinoma,lipomao-siso Crisis,prognosiso-nxo Larynx,pharynx Plural Suffixeso-ao Spermatozoa,gangliao-matao Carcinomata,lipomatao-seso Crises,prognoseso-geso Larynges,pharynges文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Suffix:

25、Singular vs.PluralLatinSingular Suffixes-a Vertebra,conjunctiva-us Bacillus,bronchus-um Bacterium,ilium-is TestisPlural Suffixes-ae Vertebrae,conjunctivae-i Bacilli,bronchi-a Bacteria,ilia-es Testes文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Suffix:Singular vs.PluralLatinSingular Suffixes-ex cortex-ix Ap

26、pendix-ax thoraxPlural Suffixes-ices cortices-ices appendices-aces thoraces文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Prefixes Word element located at the beginning of a word Changes the meaning of the word.It will usually tell something more specific about the word root.Usually indicates a number,time,

27、position,direction,color,or sense of negation文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Examples of Prefix A-mast -ia without breast condition hyper-therm -ia excessive heat condition intra-muscul -ar in muscle relating to文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisHEMATOLOGY HEMAT/O/LOGY Root S

28、uffix(blood)(Study of)Combining Vowel When you analyze a medical term,begin at the end of the word.The ending of a word is called a suffix.All medical terms contain suffixes.文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisHEMATOLOGY HEMAT/O/LOGY Root Suffix(blood)(Study of)Combining VowelRoot+co

29、mbining vowel+suffix Start at the suffix Logy=Study of Then go back to the beginning of the word.Hemat=blood Analysis(put it together)Study of blood文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisBIOLOGIST BI/O/LOGIST Root Suffix(Life)(Specialist in)Combining VowelRoot+combining vowel+suffix Sta

30、rt at the suffix Logist=specialist in(the study of)Go to the beginning Bi=life Analysis Specialist in(the study of)life文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisELECTROCARDIOGRAM ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAMRoot+CV+root+CV+suffix Start at the suffix Gram=record Go the to beginning Electr=electric

31、ity Cardi=heart Analysis Record of the electricity in the heart文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisRoots Cardi/o=heart Gastr/o=stomach Hemat/o=blood Dermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=study of-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertaining to-itis=inflammationCARDIOLOGY CARDI/O/LOGY Study of the

32、heartCARDIOLOGIST CARDI/O/LOGIST Specialist in the heartHEMATOLOGIST HEMAT/O/LOGIST Specialist in blood文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisRoots Cardi/o=heart Gastr/o=stomach Hemat/o=blood Dermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=study of-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertaining to-itis=inflammat

33、ionCARDIAC CARDI/AC Pertaining to the heartWhats different?The combining vowel is dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel.文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisRoots Cardi/o=heart Gastr/o=stomach Hemat/o=blood Dermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=study of-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=perta

34、ining to-itis=inflammationDERMATITIS DERMAT/ITIS Inflammation of the skin文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisRoots Cardi/o=heart Gastr/o=stomach Hemat/o=blood Dermat/o=skinSuffix-logy=study of-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertaining to-itis=inflammationGASTRITIS GASTR/ITIS Inflam

35、mation of the stomach文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisRoots Cardi/o=heart Gastr/o=stomach Hemat/o=blood Enter/o=intestinesSuffix-logy=study of-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertaining to-itis=inflammationGASTROENTEROLOGY GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY Study of the stomach and intestines

36、Between roots the combining vowel is not dropped,even if the second root begins with a vowel.文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisRoots Electr/o=electicity Encephal/o=brain Gastr/o=stomachSuffix-logy=study of-logist=specialist-gram=record-ac=pertaining to-itis=inflammationELECTROENCEP

37、HALOGRAMELECTR/O/ENCEPHAL/O/GRAM Record of the electricity in the brain文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisPrefix Brady=slow Tachy=fastRoot Cardi/o=heartSuffix-ia=condition/diseaseBRADYCARDIA BRADY/CARD/IA Condition of a slow heart文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word AnalysisP

38、refix Brady=slow Tachy=fastRoot Cardi/o=heartSuffix-ia=condition/diseaseTACHYCARDIA TACHY/CARD/IA Condition of a fast heart文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word Analysis-Review Root=gives the essential meaning of the term Suffix=the word ending Prefix=a small part added to the beginning of a t

39、erm Combining vowel=connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots Combining form=combination of the root and a combining vowel文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Word Analysis-Rules Read the meaning of medical words from the suffix,then to the beginning of the word and across Drop the combi

40、ning vowel before a suffix that starts with a vowel Keep the combining vowel between roots,even if the root begins with a vowel文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。读音规则文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。医学英语术语的读音要用英语

41、医学英语术语的读音要用英语语音语音,避免用拉丁语音。普通英语的避免用拉丁语音。普通英语的发音规则有不少可适用于医学英语发音规则有不少可适用于医学英语术语,但拉丁语的读音规则对它有术语,但拉丁语的读音规则对它有很大的影响。很大的影响。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。1 1、医学术语重音的一般规律、医学术语重音的一般规律(1 1)遵循拉丁语词汇的重读体系,)遵循拉丁语词汇的重读体系,重音永不在最后一个音节。重音永不在最后一个音节。重音!重音!SacrumSacrum?Patient Patient?文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处

42、,请联系网站或本人删除。(2)如果倒数第二个音节是长音,)如果倒数第二个音节是长音,重读在该音节上。重读在该音节上。Acidosis 酸中毒酸中毒 Laryngotracheobronchitis 喉气管支气管炎喉气管支气管炎文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。(3)如果倒数第二个音节是短音,)如果倒数第二个音节是短音,重读音节则在倒数第三个音节上。重读音节则在倒数第三个音节上。如如 Oviduct 输卵管输卵管文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。(4 4)有时倒数第二个音节变)有时倒数第二个音节变短,有维持词

43、根重音的现象。短,有维持词根重音的现象。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。倒数第二音节中的元音后面跟两倒数第二音节中的元音后面跟两个辅音,大多数情况下,其元音个辅音,大多数情况下,其元音读短音,重音在该音节上。读短音,重音在该音节上。如如bronchismus 支气管痉挛支气管痉挛文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。(4)复合词的读音规则复合词的读音规则:如果复合词后面有影响如果复合词后面有影响重音位置的后缀或词尾重音位置的后缀或词尾,依最末一个词依最末一个词(根根)的重音位置的重音位置;其余的复合词重音依照

44、前一个其余的复合词重音依照前一个词词.如如 cytobiology 细胞生物学细胞生物学 bronchoscope 支气管镜支气管镜文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。2 2、元音字母读音规则、元音字母读音规则 重读元音:在重读音节中的元音,重读元音:在重读音节中的元音,发音清楚、显著,读音强。发音清楚、显著,读音强。非重读元音:在非重读音节的元非重读元音:在非重读音节的元音,发音含糊、晦涩。音,发音含糊、晦涩。强调强调:对重读元音:对重读元音 必须正确发音。必须正确发音。而非重读音节中的不同元音之间的发而非重读音节中的不同元音之间的发音差别很小,有时

45、即使读错也无妨音差别很小,有时即使读错也无妨。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。(1 1)在重读闭音节中,元音字母一律读它的)在重读闭音节中,元音字母一律读它的短音。但也有例外,如短音。但也有例外,如gross。(2 2)在重读开音节中元音读长音)在重读开音节中元音读长音 (3 3)两个元音在一起,前面一个元音重读时,)两个元音在一起,前面一个元音重读时,则此重读元音读长音。则此重读元音读长音。(4 4)元音字母在结尾时,无论重读,都读长)元音字母在结尾时,无论重读,都读长音,以音,以a,e结尾的例外,如结尾的例外,如zonazona。(5 5)有的

46、双重元音,按字母组合规则读一个)有的双重元音,按字母组合规则读一个音音.如如ae/oe,eu,ei,aiae/oe,eu,ei,ai文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。3、辅音字母的读音规则、辅音字母的读音规则 (1)c 在在e,ae,oe,i或或y之前之前读软音读软音s,在,在a,o,u或或oi之前读之前读硬音硬音k。文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。(2 2)g g在在e,ae,oe,i,ye,ae,oe,i,y前读前读dg,dg,在在a,o,u,oia,o,u,oi前读前读gg。(3 3)双辅音)双辅音

47、ps,pt,ct,cn,gn,mnps,pt,ct,cn,gn,mn作作为单词开头,第一个辅音不发音为单词开头,第一个辅音不发音(4 4)chch多数情况下发多数情况下发kk文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Thank you for attention文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。Mathematical Formulas and Equation(4+7 -5.886)2 =-9.462 This formula is generally read as:four plus seven and fi

48、ve-eighths minus five point eighty-eight multiplied by six,all divided by two and a half,equals minus nine point four six two.Mathematical Symbols文档仅供参考,不能作为科学依据,请勿模仿;如有不当之处,请联系网站或本人删除。SymbolReadingReadingExampleExampleMeaning in FullMeaning in Full+plusplusu+vu+vu plus vu plus vminusminusv v u uv m

49、inus u,times,times,multiplymultiplym vm times v(m times v(mass multiplied by velocity),divide,divide,overover120 40 one hundred and twenty divided by forty=equalequalbe equal tobe equal to1 ton=1000kg One ton equals(is equal to)one thousand kilograms.not equalnot equalx yX does not equal Y.be be equ

50、ivalent equivalent toto1mm vertical 5NOne millimeter vertical is equivalent to five newtons.be be identically identically equal toequal toD DABC D DABCTriangle ABC is identically equal to triangle apostrophe ABC.be be approximateapproximately equal toly equal to60km/h 17m/sSixty kilometers per hour

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