1、Unit 8 Green LivingLesson 1 Roots and Shoots1.balance in balance 保持平衡；处于平衡out of balance 不平衡off balance 失去平衡，没有站稳 keep/lose ones balance 保持/失去平衡balance A against B 权衡/比较A与Ba balanced diet 均衡的饮食balanced adj.保持平衡的eco-balance n.生态平衡imbalance n.不平衡；不安定练习：Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep _ you must
2、keep going on.balance 2.deserve deserve sth.应得；应受deserve to do 做是应该的/值得的deserve doing/to be done 应受You deserved it.你活该/你罪有应得练习：His greatest ambition was to win the respect of his fellowmen by doing those things that _ respect.deserve 3.effecthave an effect/influence on/upon 对产生影响come/go into effect
3、生效take effect 生效bring/carry/put.into effect 实施；使生效in effect/in fact/actually 实际上，事实上effective adj.有效的；有影响的affect vt.影响练习：Students will receive written notice when the fine goes into _.effectPair Work Look at the pictures.Discuss the following questions.What is happening in each picture?Have you ever
4、 done any of these things?What would happen if everybody did the same things?ACTIVATE AND SHAREPair Work Read the first paragraph of the text.Discuss the questions.1 What is Just-me-ism?Just-me-ism is a way of thinking that focuses on caring for just oneself and ignores the environment,animals and t
5、he community.2 Why is Just-me-ism a problem?There will be nobody to care and look after the environment.Pair Work Read the first paragraph of the text.Discuss the questions.3 Do you have any suggestions on how to solve the problem?A solution would be to make them understand that even the smallest ac
6、tion can change the world,so they should take actions whenever possible for the environment,animals and their community.For example,they should turn the tap off when brushing their teeth,turn the light off when they leave a room and pick up even little pieces of litter they dropped on the road.Read
7、the rest of the text.Complete the table or use your own graphic organiser to illustrate what you have found about Roots&Shoots.Roots&ShootsThe time of its establishment The founder The purpose The meaning of its name Read the text again.Answer the questions.1 What contribution does Roots&Shoots make
8、 to society?It inspires young people to build a future that is secure and to live together in peace with nature.2 What makes Dr.Jane Goodall think Roots&Shoots can help solve the problem of Just-me-ism?It encourages individuals to play a part in making the world a better place instead of just thinki
9、ng about themselves.Read the text again.Answer the questions.3 What is your explanation for the two quotes from Dr.Jane Goodall?Dr.Jane Goodalls quotes mean that changing the role is an individual act,because there are millions of people who can make a difference if they all act on their own.Group W
10、ork Prepare a presentation to introduce Roots&Shoots with the following information.Then give your presentation in class.When and why it was establishedThe meaning of its nameThe contribution it makes to societyThink and share1 From the perspective of a community of a shared future,how do you unders
11、tand Roots&Shoots?2 What techniques does the writer use to make his/her view logical and convincing?Find at least one example for each technique.3 Can you suggest another title for the text?Explain your answer.The text uses many parallel structures with the same pattern of words and sentences.Underl
12、ine these structures.Discuss why the writer uses them.Suggested Answers:The writer uses the parallel structures to create a strong effect on readers so that they understand the writers point better and reflect on their own behavior deeply as well.Complete the summary with the correct form of the wor
13、ds and phrases below.Roots&Shoots is a/an 1 _ established in the early 1990s by Dr.Jane Goodall.It is called Roots&Shoots because roots moves lowly under the ground making 2 _ and although shoots seem small and weak,they can 3 _.institute a firm foundationbreak open brick wallsComplete the summary w
14、ith the correct form of the words and phrases below.The purpose of Roots&Shoots is to educate young people who suffer from 4 _.Those people dont think their actions such as 5 _ while brushing their teeth can have negative effects on the environment.In fact,these actions are very 6 _.just-me-ismleave
15、 the tap runningharmfulComplete the summary with the correct form of the words and phrases below.Therefore,Roots&Shoots hopes to 7 _ millions of young people in building a secure future so that we can 8 _ with nature.Dr.Jane Goodall believes every 9 _ matters.What we need to do is 10 _ and act toget
16、her to make the world a better place.involvelive in peaceindividual take actionFOCUS ON LANGUAGE:VERB-ING AND-ED FORMS1.Match the words in bold(14)with their functions(ac).1 one flowering plant2 leave one little tap running3 the worlds best-known expert4 Inspired by her example,he began to work hard
17、er.a attributiveb adverbialc object complement1,342Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.What is the function of each verb form?Last Tuesday,a Roots&Shoots project was set up in my community.As I walked down No.1 Street,I saw volunteers 1 _(encourage)people to join in.2 _(
18、inspire)by the message of the project,many people felt that we should act now,as we have seen an 3 _(increase)number of highly 4 _(pollute)days this year.FOCUS ON LANGUAGE:VERB-ING AND-ED FORMSencouraging Inspired increasing polluted Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in While rece
19、ntly,many have become more concerned about environmental protection,there are still some who havent,5 _(think)that someone else will deal with the problem.However,if everybody had that attitude,we would never see any environmental problems 6_(solve)in our society.We should remember-its not just me!i
20、ng(attributive 3;adverbial 5;complement 1)ed(attributive 4;adverbial 2;complement 6)FOCUS ON LANGUAGE:VERB-ING AND-ED FORMSthinking solvedImagine you are a volunteer of Roots&Shoots.Use what you have learnt to persuade one of the following people.-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）一、动名词作主语1.动名词作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Readin
21、g is an art.读书是一门艺术。Writing English novels for him is really great fun.对他来说写英语小说真的很有趣。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）一、动名词作主语2.动名词作主语有时也可以用it作形式主语。用it作形式主语代替动词-ing形式，常出现在以下句式中：It is no use/good/fun/.doing sth.It is useful/useless doing sth.Its a waste of time doing sth.语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词
22、）一、动名词作主语注意：动名词与不定式作主语时的区别：动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作；不定式则通常表示具体的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。（泛指）Be careful!To play with fire will be dangerous.小心点！玩火会带来危险。（指具体的动作）语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）二、动名词作宾语在有些动词后常接动名词作宾语。介词后也常接动名词作宾语（but 和except 作“除以外”讲，后接不定式）接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词有：mind(介意),suggest(建议),
23、enjoy(欣赏),admit(承认),appreciate(感激，欣赏),avoid(避免),delay(推迟),dislike(不喜欢，厌恶),escape(逃脱),finish(完成),forgive(宽恕),语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）二、动名词作宾语imagine(想象),keep(保持),miss(错过),practice(训练),resist(抵抗，抵制),risk(冒险),deny(拒绝，否认),consider(考虑)等。这些动词后只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式。I suggest doing it in a different
24、way.我建议用另一种不同的方法做这件事。He finally admitted having made such a mistake.他终于承认犯了那样一个错误。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）三、-ing分词作表语The only thing that interests her is dancing.唯一吸引她的事情就是跳舞。His job is delivering newspapers.他的工作是送报纸。Their favorite entertainment is playing chess.他们最喜欢的娱乐活动是下象棋。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词
25、-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）三、-ing分词作表语The film we saw last night is moving.昨晚我们看的那部电影很感人。注意：动名词作表语，表示一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可以互换位置；现在分词作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词常可以看作形容词。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）四、现在分词（短语）作定语Is there a swimming pool in your school?(a swimming pool=a pool which is used for swimming)
26、你的学校里有游泳池吗?If you want to smoke,please go to the smoking room.(the smoking room=the room which is used for smoking)吸烟请去吸烟室。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）四、现在分词（短语）作定语The man speaking to the teacher is Mr Smith.(the man speaking to the teacher=the man who is speaking to the teacher)正在和老师讲话的那位男士是史密斯先
27、生。The bridge being built now will be the longest one in the world.(the bridge being built now=the bridge which is being built now)现在正在建的那条桥将会是世界上最长的一条。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）四、现在分词（短语）作定语注意：现在分词作定语常放在所修饰的名词之前，表示所修饰的人或物正在进行的动作或状态。现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后，作后置定语。如果现在分词短语与被修饰的名词为被动关系，要使用被动形式。还有不少现在分词
28、和形容词差不多，甚至已成为形容词，如：an amusing story,a convincing argument,a piece of disappointing news,an exciting film语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）五、现在分词作宾语补足语1.感官动词：see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,smell,feelHe saw the kids playing in the yard.他看见孩子们在院子里玩。He heard the song being sung next door.他
29、听见隔壁有人正在唱这首歌。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）五、现在分词作宾语补足语1.感官动词：see,watch,observe,look at,notice,hear,listen to,smell,feelI can smell something burning.我闻到某些东西正在燃烧。I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.我注意到银行外面排了一条长队，等着它开门。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）五、现在分词作宾语补足语2.表示“使、让”含
30、义的动词：have,make,let,get,leave,keep,setIm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.很抱歉让你等了这么久。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法现在分词在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。1.作时间状语（相当于一个时间状语从句）Walking in the park,she saw an old friend.语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法=When/Whi
31、le(she was)walking in the park,she saw an old friend.当她在公园里散步时，她看到了一个老朋友。注意：当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前面加上when/while，此时也可理解为状语从句的省略。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法2.作原因状语（一般可转换成由as或because引导的原因状语从句）Being ill,he couldnt go to school.=As he was ill,he couldnt go to school.因为生病了，他无法去上学。语法：-ing分词和-e
32、d分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法3.作条件状语（一般放在句首，其前可以加if，unless等连词）Working hard,youll make great progress.=If you work hard,youll make great progress.如果你努力工作，你将取得很大进步。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法4.作结果状语作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。The fire lasted nearly two days,leaving nothing
33、 valuable.大火持续了将近两天，几乎没剩下值钱的东西。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法注意：现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然而然的结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，且其前一般加only。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法5.作让步、方式和伴随状语作让步、方式和伴随状语时，说明动作发生的背景和情况。作伴随状语时，表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可以转换成并列句。语法：-
34、ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法Mary sat by the window of the classroom,reading a book.=Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗边读着一本书。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）六、现在分词作状语的用法注意：为强调现在分词表达的意义，可以在其前加上各种连词。例如，加上when,while强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before,after强调动作先后发生；加上thus
35、强调结果；加上 although,though强调让步等。Though knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.尽管他们了解这一切，但还是让我赔偿损失。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语1.意义：及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成（1）表示被动和完成a polluted river 一条被污染的河流the watered flowers 浇过水的花语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语1.意义：及物动词的过去
36、分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成（2）只表示完成，不表示被动fallen leaves 落叶the risen sun 升起的太阳语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语2.位置：单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在所修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。The student dressed in white is my daughter.=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。语法：-i
37、ng分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：（1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 2016.矗立在街道角落的那所房子是2016年建的。The question discussed was very important.讨论过的那个问题很重要。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：（2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行
38、；过去分词表示动作已经完成。the changing world 变化着的世界the changed world 改变了的世界语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：（2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。boiling water沸腾的水 boiled water 开水developing countries 发展中国家developed countries发达国家语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）二、过去分词作表语1.意义：用在系动词后面，构成系表结构，表示主语
39、所处的状态。She looked disappointed.她看上去很失望。We were encouraged at the news.听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）二、过去分词作表语2.过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。The book is well written.这本书写得好。The book was written by a soldier.这本书是由一位士兵写的。The news is exciting.这个消息是令人兴奋的。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词
40、（过去分词）二、过去分词作表语2.过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。Her excited voice suggested that she was excited.她激动的声音表明她很兴奋。When he heard the moving story,he was deeply moved.当他听到这个感人的故事时，他深受感动。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语1.过去分词作宾语补足语时，与宾语存在着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。He watched the TV se
41、t carried out of the room.他看着电视机被搬出了房间。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语1.过去分词作宾语补足语时，与宾语存在着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。Last year they had the house rebuilt.去年他们让人重建了这栋房子。Youd better have your shoes mended.你最好修补一下你的鞋子。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语2.能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词（短语）有以下几类：（1）表示感觉或心理状态的动
42、词（短语），如see,watch,observe,find,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think 等。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语2.能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词（短语）有以下几类：I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。When we got to school,we saw the door locked.当我们到学校时，看见门锁着。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语（2）表示“致、使”意义的动词，
43、如have,make,get,keep,leave等。They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.他们使用很简单的英语来让别人听懂。Dont leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语注意：“have+宾语+过去分词”可以表示三种含义：表示“让某人做某事”Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要去理发。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去
44、分词作宾语补足语注意：“have+宾语+过去分词”可以表示三种含义：表示“遭遇某种不幸；受到打击”He had his wallet stolen.他的钱包被偷了。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语注意：“have+宾语+过去分词”可以表示三种含义：做某事（主语可能参与其中）I had my house repaired last week.上周，我修补了房子。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）三、过去分词作宾语补足语（3）表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词，如like,want,wish,order等。The teacher doe
45、snt wish such questions(to be)discussed in class.老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。The police,finding the film unhealthy,ordered it banned.警察发现这部电影不健康，令其禁演。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）四、过去分词作状语过去分词通常在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语和伴随状语等。1.过去分词作时间状语，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。Asked about his address(=When he was asked about his addr
46、ess),the boy didnt respond.问及他的地址时，这个小男孩没有作答。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）四、过去分词作状语2.过去分词作原因状语，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。Encouraged by the progress he has made(=As he is encouraged by the progress he has made),he works harder.由于受到所取得的成绩的鼓励，他工作更努力了。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）四、过去分词作状语3.过去分词作条件状语，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。Gi
47、ven more time(=If they were given more time),the trees could grow taller.如果再多给一点时间，这些树会长得更高。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）四、过去分词作状语3.过去分词作条件状语，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。Heated to a high temperature(=If it is heated to a high temperature),water will change into vapor.如果加热到高温，水就能变成水蒸气。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）四、过
48、去分词作状语4.过去分词作让步状语，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。Though warned of the storm(=Though they had been warned of the storm),the farmers were still working in the fields.尽管被警告过有暴风雨，农民们仍然在田地里劳作。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ed 分词（过去分词）四、过去分词作状语5.过去分词作方式、伴随状语。Followed by a group of students,the teacher entered the classroom.=The teacher
49、 entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。语法：-ing分词和-ed分词1.I tried to avoid _(meet)him because he always bored me.2.His not _(know)how to help the people trapped in the snowstorm made him worried.3.Weve got to think of ways of _(change)peoples habits.4._(be)a
50、guest in an American home will be a good experience.meeting knowing changing Being 5.Its no use _(argue)with Tom because he will never change his mind.6.I think Ill have to give up _(play)football because of the coming examination.7.John Snow told the story about the _(astonish)people in Broad Stree
