1、如何加强血液透析患者血管通路的管理和维护如何加强血液透析患者血管通路的管理和维护血管通路血管通路血液透析患者的生命线血液透析成功施行的必要条件第一个问题第一个问题 血管通路的发展进程血管通路的发展进程动静脉外瘘(Quinton-Scribner shunt)血管通路发展史上的第一个里程碑(1960年)自体动静脉內瘘(Arteriovenous Fistula)血管通路发展史上的第二个里程碑(1962年)移植血管內瘘(Arteriovenous Graft)中心静脉留置导管(central venous catheter)充足的血流量操作简单,可反复使用安全稳定,并发症少理想的血管通路第二个问题
2、第二个问题 对几种血管通路的初步认识对几种血管通路的初步认识AVF是什么?AVF是运用血管外科技术人为的建立一条动静脉之间的短路是目前国际上公认的最佳的血管通路AVG是什么?AVG就是移植血管内瘘 AVG用一根人工血管将动静脉连接起来CVC是什么 The catheter is placed in the right internal jugular vein with a smooth curve in the subcutaneous tunnel.The tip of the catheter is placed in the right atrium to achieve adequa
3、te blood flow during hemodialysis.AVF的并发症 血管狭窄 急性血栓形成 静脉高压征 动脉瘤 高输出量心力衰竭 通路相关性缺血综合征 感染血管狭窄 fistulogram showing a long inflow segment stenosis which was successfully balloon angioplastied.A:Pre-angioplasty.B:Waist on the balloon.C:Post-angioplasty image.ABC静脉高压征 Massively swollen right upper extremit
4、y from completely occluded right subclavian vein.The transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistula is patentExtensive network of collateralveins over the right shoulderand chest area.动脉瘤通路相关性缺血综合征87-year-old female with a brachiocephalic fistula created approximately 9 months prior to photograph who
5、 complained of pain and numbness over her right hand during dialysis.On examination the fingers were blue and cold(A).Panel(B)compares the color of her hand to a normal pink color.ABAVG的并发症 血管狭窄 感染 血栓形成 静脉高压征 假性动脉瘤 高输出量心力衰竭 血清肿血管狭窄Forty-five-year-old male with a right forearm loop AVG placed in 2003
6、 has marked central vein stenosis.The collateral veins are visualized on his shoulder and chest(arrowheads).The patient has a right subclavian vein stent with recurrent stenosis as shown in next image.假性动脉瘤假性动脉瘤CVC的并发症 感染 导管功能不良纤维蛋白鞘、血栓形成导管出口感染Purulent fluid collection under the dressing suggestive
7、of infectionPurulent secretion,erythema over the tunnel and skin changes secondary to infection in the subcutaneous tunnel.导管功能不良An intact fibrin sheath pulled out along with the catheter.A fibrin sheath is a flimsy fibroepithelial tissue that extends from the cuff(A)to the tip of the catheter(B).纤维
8、蛋白鞘AB血栓第三个问题第三个问题 血管通路的长期管理和维护血管通路的长期管理和维护每次穿刺前对内瘘的情况的评估望诊用眼睛看触诊通过触摸来感觉内瘘的震颤和搏动听诊用听诊器听内瘘的杂音normal-AVF-bruitAVF-whistleNormal-AV-Graftgraft-whistleAVF的功能监测瘘管血流量的测定超声稀释法症状检查:举臂实验,Augmentation test超声检查再循环测定(非尿素法)静态静脉压测定AVF的血流量测定每个月测量一次测量要在透析前一个半小时内完成每次检查要测量三次,取平均值血流量不足时,做血管造影检查确定是否有狭窄举臂实验 将内瘘侧手臂抬高,与身体呈
9、90度,观察内瘘静脉段是否塌陷再循环测定(葡萄糖测定法)建议每 3 个月 1 次。透析后30min,血流量在300ml/min,停超滤,动脉端取血(A),4s内从静脉端注入50%的葡萄糖2ml,开始计时,至第13秒,于动脉端同一部位取血(B),测定两次血糖浓度,带入公式计算结果:R%=0.046(B-A)+0.07静态静脉压测定*每一到二周测定一次静态静脉压测定直接测量法间接测定法:当关闭血泵时,外部压力传感器与输液壶压力传感器之间的压力差等于瘘管与输液壶血液面之间的高度差,具体方法:先校正静脉壶及动脉壶的压力(P0)在非瘘管肢体测量平均动脉压(MAP)停血泵,夹闭静脉壶上游管路,30s压力稳
10、定后,读取结果(P)测量瘘管与输液壶血液面的距离(H)计算偏移压力:Ph=0.35xH+3.6 计算瘘管内压力:Pia=P+Ph-P0 得出瘘管内压力和平均动脉压比值(Pia/MAP Ratio)AVG的功能监测血流量测定静态静脉压测定超声检查物理检查关于CVC的维护管理导管感染的维护管理导管功能不良的维护管理导管感染分类出口感染隧道感染导管相关血流感染Exit site erythema with crusting suggestive of infection or allergic reaction to topical ointment or tape.The exit site sh
11、ould be evaluated prior to every dialysis therapy for early signs of infection.The exit site infection can spread through the subcutaneous tunnel causing bacteremia,sepsis and worsening morbidity and mortality。导管感染预防减少或避免使用导管应严格遵守无菌技术清除鼻腔葡萄球菌等的携带状态避免导管用于非血液净化用途导管功能不良的原因导管功能不良的处理导管功能不良的预防Left interna
12、l jugular catheter with kink in the subcutaneous tunnel(arrow).The tip is placed in the left innominate(brachiocephalic)vein.The catheter is unlikely to provide adequate blood flows for dialysis.血管通路的健康宣教AVF和AVG的健康宣教CVC的健康宣教患者的术前健康宣教AVF的术后的自我管理内瘘术后的功能锻炼动静脉内瘘成形术后,禁止在内瘘侧测血压、抽血、输液、输血。手术侧衣袖不可过紧。术后当日内瘘侧肢
13、体抬高30度,保持其血流通畅,防止受压,站立时可用三角巾托起,术肢手腕超过心界;卧床时可用软枕垫高,禁止向手术侧侧卧。术肢保暖,保持术侧血液循环通畅,防止指端肿胀。术后24小时,可做握拳及腕关节动作,防血栓。术后3-7天,开始内瘘强化护理用手握拳或挤压橡皮球10秒放松,每次做10-15分钟,3-4次/日伤口拆线以后用止血带或健侧手压住内瘘侧的上臂至静脉适度扩张充盈,压10秒放松,每次做5-10分钟,2-3次/日。内瘘血肿、变硬和手臂水肿禁做以上锻炼。用热毛巾热敷内瘘侧的手臂。坚持不懈的保护锻炼,舞动生命线(指尖运动、腕部运动、握拳运动)手术后24小时(指尖运动)手术后3-7天(指尖运动+腕部运动)手术7-10天后或拆线以后(指尖运动+腕部运动+握拳运动)AVG的术后的自我管理CVC的自我管理谢谢大家!谢谢大家!