1、第 一 部 分阅读专题一 阅读理解英英 语语 2023内 容 索 引NO.1读文总策略破解阅读理解必备3大策略NO.2题型微技法提升阅读理解解题13大技法NO.3真题实战经典对练拿高分读文总策略读文总策略 破解阅读破解阅读理解必备理解必备3 3大策略大策略NO.1 NO.1 策略一策略一 运用运用“3 3大大”猜词技法猜词技法,突破语篇词汇障碍突破语篇词汇障碍阅读理解中的障碍词汇,尤其是文章中的一些关键词,能够直接影响阅读的速度、理解的程度和做题的正确率。下面通过对近两年全国卷及新高考卷阅读理解中出现的障碍词汇的整理分析,归纳出三个技法来帮助考生扫清阅读障碍。技法技法1 1 依据熟义猜生义依据
2、熟义猜生义,语境之中定含义语境之中定含义虽然高考阅读理解所涉生词量是有限制的,但是对课标词汇的含义的考查是没有限制的。很多单词本身有很多释义,除了我们所熟知的常用基本意思,还有很多其他衍生义。命题人在出题时会涉及考生熟悉的单词的陌生含义。典例典例1(2022新高考全国卷,B)Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula(芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up w
3、orking late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry,“food w
4、aste goes against the moral grain,”as Elizabeth Royte writes in this months cover story.If thats hard to understand,lets keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the timebut for him,its more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing th
5、eir last days.Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington.D.C.,which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the strawberries?V
6、olunteers will wash,cut,and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.【分析】单词熟义生义stickv.粘,贴;伸出v.(随便)摆放,放置grainn.谷物,谷粒n.性格,天性nearadv.,adj.&prep.在附近;几乎;靠近v.接近;靠近recovervi.恢复;康复;好转vt.重新利用对于熟词生义和一词多义,考生要在平时的阅读和练习中积累相关知识,多加复习,在语境中体会单词的含义。考生在考场上遇见熟词生义时要沉着冷静,可以根据其熟义,结合语境判断其生义。技法技法2 2 长难单词巧拆解长难单词巧拆解,
7、利用构词猜词义利用构词猜词义学会拆解单词并利用构词法猜测词义是考生必备的一项技能。英语中常见的构词有三类:派生、转化与合成。由词缀(前缀和后缀)和词根相结合构成单词的方法叫作派生法;把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法;由两个或两个以上单词合成一个新单词的方法叫作合成法。典例典例2(2021全国乙卷,C)Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceansbetween 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year.But does one plastic s
8、traw or cup really make a difference?Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does.He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage,forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year,the artist built a piece called“Strawpocalypse
9、”,a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves,frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups,the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam.In a piece from 2018,Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a spec
10、ific statistic:Every 60 seconds,a truckloads worth of plastic enters the ocean.For this work,titled“Truckload of Plastic”,Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic,which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.Von Wong
11、hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.【分析】派生ecosystemeco-(生态的)生态系统re-examinere-(再,重新)再次检查;重新考虑转化worthadj.值钱,有价值n.相当于特定单位的数量titlen.题目;头衔;职务v.定题目pressuren.压力vt.对施加压力合成single-usesingle(单个的)+use(使用)adj.供一次使用的cleanupclean(清扫)+up(彻底)n.清扫footprintfoot(脚
12、)+print(印记)n.足迹技法技法3 3 全然陌生莫慌张全然陌生莫慌张,巧用逻辑判意义巧用逻辑判意义高考阅读理解越来越注重能力的考查。阅读理解语篇中会含有一些生词,而且有一部分生词考生从来没有见过,也不能通过构词法来猜测。这些词就是考生做题的拦路虎,需要考生利用上下文提供的线索来猜测词义。典例典例3(2021全国乙卷,A)People have been pouring into stadiums since the days of ancient Greece.In around 80 A.D.,the Romans built the Colosseum,which remains t
13、he worlds best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design.Romes Colosseum was 157 feet tall and had 80 entrances,seating 50,000 people.However,that was small fry compared with the citys Circus Maximus,which accommodated around 250,000 people.【分析】生僻词语分析词义small fry根据seating 50,000 peopl
14、e,compared with以及accommodated around 250,000 people可以猜测出意思(相比之下)不重要的人或事物课堂应用课堂应用根据语境猜测画线词汇含义:1.(2021新高考全国卷,A)Its one of the best-rated hostels in the city,and for good reason.2.(2021新高考全国卷,C)Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,greatly reducing w
15、aterfowl habitat(栖息地).评价最高的 使变干给提供住处不断增长的3.(2021新高考全国卷,D)The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.4.(2021全国乙卷,A)In around 80 A.D.,the Romans built the Coloss
16、eum,which remains the worlds best known stadium and continues to inform contemporary design.重新评价功能对有影响5.(2021全国乙卷,D)The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant;however,the participants in the 70 decibels groupthose exposed to a level of noise similar to background cha
17、tter in a coffee shopsignificantly outperformed the other groups.6.(2021新高考全国卷,听力)Every time you make coffee,dry the leftover coffee grounds and keep them in small bowls,then place the bowls in the kitchen.7.(2021新高考全国卷,听力)From my place to Shelton,we have to drive through the quarters,so wed better
18、leave early to avoid the traffic.微不足道的渣滓;沉淀物城镇的区8.(2021新高考全国卷,A)Rome can be pricey for travelers,which is why many choose to stay in a hostel(旅社).9.(2021新高考全国卷)One reason is that most people are not even aware of their mispronunciations.10.(2021新高考全国卷,D)Although popular beliefs regarding emotional i
19、ntelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support,the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.高价的;过分昂贵的发音错误宣传策略二运用策略二运用“4 4招招”技法技法,破解长难句破解长难句一般情况下,一个谓语形式的动词会对应其动作的发出者(主语),我们可以根据谓语动词来确定主语。而且,如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则该句可能是并列句或复合句(并列谓语动词的情况除外)。例如:技法技法1 1 据谓
20、语据谓语,找主干找主干典例典例1(2022新高考全国卷,B)Its jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown awayfrom“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.【分析】找谓语:分析句子成分可知,本句的主干句为:Its jaw-dropping;谓语为:is。找主语:由谓语is可知主语为形式主语It,真正的主语是how
21、 much引导的从句。析成分:此句为复合句,主句为主系表结构。It是形式主语,代替后面how much引导的主语从句。主语从句的主语是food,谓语用了被动语态is thrown away,破折号后面的部分解释说明被扔掉的食物的情况。句意:令人瞠目结舌的是,有多少非常好的食物被扔掉了从杂货店拒绝出售的丑陋(但还可以吃)的蔬菜,到被扔进餐馆垃圾桶的大量未食用的菜肴。技法技法2 2 提主干提主干,去枝叶去枝叶一般情况下,一个结构复杂的句子中主干所表达的信息为主要信息,从句、状语和定语等所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来,就不能完全把握句子的核心意义,从而导致思维混乱,主次不分。因此,提
22、炼句子主干是把握句子核心意义的关键。例如:典例典例2(2021新高考全国卷,C)About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge Systema fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for
23、all generations to come.提主干:句子主干为:About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund。去枝叶:不定式“to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System”为目的状语。破折号后的内容起解释说明的作用,其中“that ensures this land will be protect
24、ed and available for all generations to come”是定语从句,修饰先行词a fact,关系代词that在从句中作主语。句意:每枚鸭邮票中约98美分直接进入候鸟保护基金,用于购买湿地和野生动物栖息地,纳入国家野生动物保护区系统这一事实确保了这片土地将得到保护,并提供给子孙后代。技法技法3 3 寻关联寻关联,辨逻辑辨逻辑一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词,就能够弄清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系,弄清楚主句的意义和各从句的意义,这样长句就容易理解了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中常见的关联词熟
25、记于心。例如:典例典例3(2021新高考全国卷,D)Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable,we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.提主干:句子主干为:we hope that.。寻关联,辨逻辑:此句为复合句,Although引导让步状语从句。其中在主句“we hope that.”中,that引导宾语从句
26、。句意:尽管人们对情商的持续关注是可取的,但我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。技法技法4 4 看搭配看搭配,防分隔防分隔有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成的,而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。考生若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目,则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。因此要明辨句中的搭配。例如:典例典例4(2021新高考全国卷,C)The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N.“Ding”Darling,a political cartoonist from Des Moines,Iowa,who at t
27、hat time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey.提主干:本句主干为:The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N.“Ding”Darling。寻关联,辨逻辑:“who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey”为
28、定语从句。看搭配,防分隔:a political cartoonist from Des Moines,Iowa是J.N.“Ding”Darling的同位语。句意:“丁”达林,一个来自艾奥瓦州得梅因的政治漫画家,他当时被富兰克林罗斯福总统任命为生物调查局局长。课堂应用课堂应用1.(2022新高考全国卷,B)Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to
29、not include the side dish you wont eat.【分析】寻谓语,找主干:本句的谓语为,主干为 。析成分:本句中whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you wont eat.是连接了两个表示方式的结构by doing sth。can playEveryone can play a partwhether.or每个人都可以在减少浪费中发挥作用,无论是
30、在你每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物,还是要求餐馆不上你不吃的配菜。2.(2021全国甲卷,A)I used classical techniques,translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop,to achieve the black-and-white image(图像).【分析】寻谓语,找主干:本句的谓语为,主干为。析成分:本句中translated from my college days spent in the darkroom into Photoshop是过去分词短语作,修饰techni
31、ques;to achieve the black-and-white image为动词不定式短语作。usedI used classical techniques后置定语目的状语为了实现黑白图像,我采用了传统技术,把大学时期要在暗室里完成的东西用Photoshop完成了。3.(2021新高考全国卷,D)It is our hope that in coming decades,advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角)from which to study how people manage their lives.【分析】提主干:
32、本句是一个主从复合句,It为形式主语,that引导主语从句作真正的主语,为主语从句的主干。去枝叶:from which to.是“介词+which”后接动词不定式作后置定语,修饰前面的new perspectives;study后接how引导的 。advances in science will offer new perspectives宾语从句我们希望在未来的几十年间,科技的进步会为我们研究人们如何经营生活提供新的视角。4.(2021全国乙卷,C)For this work,titled“Truckload of Plastic”,Von Wong and a group of volun
33、teers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic,which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.【分析】提主干:分析句子成分可知,_为句子的主干。寻关联,辨逻辑:which引导,修饰先行词more than 10,000 pieces of plastic,该定语从句中的theyd been dumped from a truck all at once是宾语从句。Von Wong and a group of
34、volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic非限制性定语从句为了这幅名为“Truckload of Plastic”的作品,Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了一万多件塑料,然后把这些塑料捆到一起,从而使它们看起来就像是同时从卡车上倒下来的一样。5.(2021全国乙卷,B)Of those Australians who still have a landline,a third concede that its not really necessary and theyre keeping it as a security bl
35、anket19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.【分析】提主干:句子主干为:a third concede that.寻关联,辨逻辑:Of those Australians who still have a landline 为表示范围的状语,其中包含一个 who 引导的,修饰先行词 Australians;that引导,破折号后的内容19 percent say they never use it.emergencies是对前面内容的进一步解释说明
36、;while 是转折连词,意为“而”,用于对比其前后两句的内容。定语从句宾语从句在澳大利亚仍使用座机的人中,三分之一的人承认座机其实不是必需的,他们将其作为一种心理安慰19%的人表示他们从未使用过座机,另有13%的人保留座机以防紧急情况。策略三策略三 理清理清4 4种文体结构种文体结构,提升读文解题速度提升读文解题速度文体文体1 应用文 022新高考全国卷,A篇主题语境:人与社会社会服务与人际沟通 Grading Policies for Introduction to LiteratureGrading Scale90-100,A;80-89,B;70-79,C;60-69,D;Below
37、60,E.Essays(60%)Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course:Essay 1=10%;Essay 2=15%;Essay 3=15%;Essay 4=20%.Group Assignments(30%)Students will work in groups to complete four assignments(作业)during the course.All the assignments will be submitted by the ass
38、igned date through Blackboard,our online learning and course management system.Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework(10%)Class activities will vary from day to day,but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or no
39、tes from the previous class lecture/discussion,so it is important to take careful notes during class.Additionally,from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home,both of which will be graded.Late WorkAn essay not submitted in class on
40、the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date,it will earn a zero.Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero.Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.语篇结构 考情分析每套全国试卷的A篇
41、通常都是应用文。应用文的类型通常有广告、海报、通知、旅游信息等。主要考查细节理解,偶尔考查推理判断与词义猜测。文体文体特点1.语言特点:语言简洁,句式相对简单。2.结构特点:平行段落:几条或者几类信息在不同的段落以相同的顺序呈现,如时间、地点、过程、联系方式等;次级标题:通过小标题把文章分成几个部分,每一部分有一个或几个段落围绕小标题进行阐述。本文属于这类结构;表格:利用列表的方式把不同的信息或者主题分割开,每一列或者每一行说明一个主题或者事件,直观明了。读文策略先题后文,定位关键信息,切忌逐句细读。应用文阅读理解是送分题,一定要做到稳、准、快,保住基础分。速读题干,快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小
42、标题或者加下划线的语句等重要信息,确定语篇信息。21.Where is this text probably taken from?A.A textbook.B.An exam paper.C.A course plan.D.An academic article.21.根据文章的标题“Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature”以及下文提到的内容可知,本文可能出自一个课程计划。故选项。C22.How many parts is a students final grade made up of?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.
43、Five.22.根据文章中提到的“Essays(60%)”“Group Assignments(30%)”和“Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework(10%)”可知,最终的分数由三部分组成。故选项。B23.What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date?A.You will receive a zero.B.You will lose a letter grade.C.You will be given a test.D.You
44、will have to rewrite it.23.根据最后一段中的“If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date,it will earn a zero.”可知,截止日期一周后才上交,将得零分。故选项。A文体文体2记叙文 2020新高考全国卷,B篇主题语境:人与自我完善自我 The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high.I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years,dealing with th
45、e various kinds of“forbidden fruit”that come out of book bags.Now was the spring of the water pistol(手枪).I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.“Please bring that pistol to me,”I said.“Im going to put it in my Grandmas Box.”“Whats that?”they asked.“Its a large wooden chest fu
46、ll of toys for my grandchildren,”I replied.“You dont have grandchildren,”someone said.“I dont now,”I replied.“But someday I will.When I do,my box will be full of wonderful things for them.”My imaginary Grandmas Box worked like magic that spring,and later.Sometimes students would ask me to describe a
47、ll the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken awaysince I seldom actually kept them.Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,and I would return the belonging.The years went by,and my first grandchild Gordon was born.I shared my
48、 joy with that years class.Then someone said,“Now you can use your Grandmas Box.”From then on,instead of coming to ask their possessions back,the students would say,“Thats okay.Put it in your Grandmas Box for Gordon.”I loved talking about the imaginary box,not only with my students but also with my
49、own children.They enjoyed hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected.Then one Christmas I received a surprise gifta large,beautifully made wooden chest.My son Bruce had made my Grandmas Box a reality.语篇结构 考情分析通常每套试卷中均有一篇记叙文类阅读理解。记叙文类阅读理解以细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题和标题归纳题为主。文体文体特点1.语言特点:记叙文以描写、叙述为主。
50、一般以过去时为主,其余时态为辅,使用丰富多彩的谓语动词;多用动词,特别是动态强的实义动词。新颖、生动、真实、典型的素材描写。2.结构特点:多按照时间先后顺序进行叙述,偶尔也有倒叙或插叙的情况。记叙文中有时会在叙述的基础上,辅以适当的议论,以表明作者的观点态度和目的,结构上采用“以叙为主,兼顾议论”或“先叙后议”或“夹叙夹议”。读文策略1.首先弄清楚记叙文的六要素和记叙的顺序,注意多个时间、地点、人物等的情况。理清事件的起因、经过和结果。2.阅读记叙文时应留意描写心理活动或文末议论时用到的形容词和副词,这可能涉及作者或者人物的观点和态度。24.What was the authors purpo
