1、Part 11.guilt be/feel guilty about 对感到内疚be guilty of 犯有罪练习：Having considered all the evidence,the court found him not _(guilt).guilty2.forgive forgive sb.for(doing)sth.原谅某人（做了）某事forgive sb.sth.宽恕某人某事（此处forgive后接双宾语）forgive and forget不念旧恶，不记仇forgiveness n.原谅，宽恕beg/ask for forgiveness乞求/请求原谅练习：Convinc
2、ed of Toms guilt,his mother _ what he did.However his father hasnt _ him yet.(forgive)forgaveforgiven3.cheatcheat sb.into doing sth.骗某人做某事cheat sb.(out)of sth.从某人那里骗得某物cheat in an exam在考试中作弊练习：The man tries to _(骗人们相信)that he is very rich.cheating people into believingPart 2Who was Huang Danian?He w
3、as a geophysicist who made great contributions to China.What contributions did he make?He mapped the world under the Earths surface,which helped discover valuable mineral resources and brought Chinas knowledge and technology in this area alongside the worlds finest.How do you describe him?Why?He was
4、 dedicated because he was willing to bear the heavy burden of responsibility and to work for the good of his country and people.How do you understand the core socialist values?In my point of view,the core socialist values are values that lead us to become better people and thus a better society.If w
5、e live a life practising the core socialist values,we can develop together into a strong and prosperous nation.Working out the rulesAdverbial clause of conditionHe knew that if he came back,.Adverbial clause of timeWhen he had to go away on business,.until he died in 2017 at the age of just 58.Adver
6、bial clause of placeHuang excelled where he was working.Adverbial clause of reasonSince he spent so much time on work,.Adverbial clause of purpose.so that he did not miss any work in the daytime.Adverbial clause of resultIn fact,he worked so hard that he did not pay enough attention to his own healt
7、h.Adverbial clause of concessionAlthough he spent many years in the UK,Part 3Grammar 功能和分类功能和分类功能：状语从句在句中作状语，与副词的作用相同，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。位置：状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号与主句隔开；放在主句之后时，一般不用逗号。分类：按其意义和作用一般可分为时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句和地点状语从句九种。时间状语从句时间状语从句连词用法例句when（1）表示某个具体的时间，从句的谓语动词用短暂
8、性动词；也可以表示一段时间，从句的谓语动词用延续性动词。（2）从句表示的动作或状态可与主句表示的动作或状态同时发生，也可以先于主句表示的动作或状态发生。When she comes,I shall tell her to wait for you.她来时我会让她等你。He entered the room when the meeting was going on.当会议正在进行的时候他进了房间。while意为“当的时候”，表示持续性的动作或状态，从句的谓语动词用延续性动词，强调主句的动作或状态和从句的动作或状态同时发生或存在。While he was sleeping,the spacesh
9、ip circled the earth twice.在他睡觉的这段时间里，宇宙飞船绕地球转了两圈。My mother was working while I was doing my homework.当我在做作业时，妈妈在工作。as意为“随着”或“一边一边”，从句谓语动词一般为延续性动词，主从句动作同时发生或交替发生。He told us his adventures in the Arctic as we went along.我们一边向前走着，他一边给我们讲他在北极的冒险经历。As she grew older she gained in confidence.随着年龄的增长，她的信心
10、增强了。连词用法常用句型before意为“在之前”，引导的从句中谓语动词所表示的动作通常晚于主句中谓语动词所表示的动作。(1)It will be+一段时间+before（从句用一般现在时）要过（时间）才(2)It wont be+一段时间+before（从句用一般现在时）过不了（时间）就(3)It was+一段时间+before（从句用一般过去时）过了（时间）才since意为“自从以来”，一般情况下主句谓语为延续性动词，从句谓语为非延续性动词；主句时态常为一般现在时或现在完成时，从句时态为过去时。It is/has been+一段时间+since（从句用一般过去时）自以来已经有（时间）了。连
11、词用法动词意义till/until主句和从句都用肯定形式主句的谓语动词为延续性动词直到为止主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式主句的谓语动词一般为非延续性动词直到才No man knows himself until/till he has tasted both fortunes.经受过苦与甜，方能了解自己。The values of health is not recognized until it is lost.直到失去健康，方知健康之可贵。（1）till不可以置于句首，而until可以置于句首。（2）如果将not until放在句首，那么主句要用部分倒装结构。（3）not until可用于
12、强调句型，而till不用于强调句型。注意注意Not until we pointed out their fault did they realize it.直到我们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。表示“一就”的词语引导的时间状语从句（1）从属连词instantly，immediately，directly，as soon as表示“一就”。Did you give him the book?你把书给他了吗?Yes.I gave
13、it to him directly I saw him.给了，我一看见他就给他了。（2）no soonerthan.，hardly/scarcely when 意为“一就”。当no sooner，scarcely/hardly位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.他一听到这个消息就开始哭了。（3）the moment，the minute，the instant 表示“一就”。The moment the result came out,Linda told us.结果一出来，琳达就
14、告诉了我们。引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词（1）其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词还有after，whenever，every time，each time，next time，the first/last time，any time，by the time，the day/year等。Whenever we met with difficulties,they came to help us.每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮助我们。（2）by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。By the time you come
15、back,we will have finished the job.到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。By the time we got there,the rain had stopped.到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。条件状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句可由if，unless，so/as long as，on condition(that)，only if，in case(that)，providing/provided(that)（如果），suppose/supposing(that)（假如）等引导。连词用法例句unless意义上相当于ifnot。因此，在某些场合，unles
16、s引导的肯定条件状语从句可以与if引导的否定条件状语从句互换。Unless you change your mind,I wont help you.=If you dont change your mind,I wont help you.如果你不改变主意，我就不会帮助你。so/as long as，on condition(that)意为“只要”，on condition(that)引导的条件状语从句是主句中谓语动词所表示的动作发生的前提条件。As long as you form the habit of learning English every day,you will conqu
17、er English sooner or later.只要你养成每天学习英语的习惯，你迟早会征服英语。They agree to lend us the car on condition that we return it before the weekend.他们同意把汽车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。only if/if onlyonly if意为“只有”，引导的条件状语从句用陈述语气，引导条件状语从句置于句首时，主句要用倒装结构；if only意为“但愿，要是就好了”，引导的条件状语从句要用虚拟语气。Only if you have persistence can youachiev
18、e success.只有坚持不懈，你才能取得成功。-I was caught in the rain and got wet all over.我被雨淋了，全身都湿透了。-If only you had taken an umbrella!要是你带一把伞就好了！in case(that)in case(that)引导条件状语从句时，多位于主句之前，意为“假使，万一”；从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。In case you cant fulfil the task in time,be sure to let me know.如果你不能及时完成任务，务必让我知道。让步状语从句让步状语从句连词用法t
19、hough，although，even though/if（1）although和though不可以与but连用，但可以和still，yet，nevertheless等连用。（2）though可用倒装结构也可不用，倒装时要把从句中作表语的名词或形容词、作状语的副词或作谓语的实义动词提前。作表语的可数名词单数位于句首时，名词前不加冠词（although 不能用倒装结构）。（3）even though/if引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。“特殊疑问词+-ever”类：whatever，whichever，whoever，wherever，whenever，however等“特殊
20、疑问词+-ever”引导让步状语从句时，可与“no matter+特殊疑问词”互换（注意：只有“特殊疑问词+-ever”可以引导名词性从句）。“no matter+特殊疑问词”类：no matter what/which/who/where/when/how等while，as（1）while引导让步状语从句常置于句首。（2）as引导的让步状语从句常用倒装结构（倒装方式同though）。注意：Although everyone played well,we still lost the game.尽管每个人都打得不错，我们还是输了这场比赛。He will come on time even th
21、ough/if it rains.即使下雨，他也会准时来。No matter what/Whatever you do,do it well.不论你做什么,做好它。While the students came from different countries,they got along quite well in the summer camp.虽然这些学生来自不同的国家，但是他们在夏令营中相处得很好。Successful as he is,he is not proud.他虽成功了，但不骄傲。Try as he might,he couldnt solve the problem.他尽管
22、努力了，却不能解决这个问题。地点状语从句地点状语从句地点状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向，这类从句通常由where，wherever等引导，从句可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。where指“在地方”，wherever指“在任何地方”。Where there is supply and demand,there is commerce.哪里有供需，哪里就有商业。原因状语从句原因状语从句连词用法例句becausebecause 引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句的后面，because引导的从句位于句首时要用逗号将从句和主句分开；位于句末时，可不用逗号。because表示直接原因
23、，语气最强，可用于回答 why引导的疑问句。The boy made a lot of mistakes in his homework because he did his homework as he watched TV.这个男孩在家庭作业中犯了许多错误，因为他一边看电视一边做作业。-Why did you miss the train?你为什么错过了火车？-Because I got up late.因为我起晚了。sincesince引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句之前，表示已知的、显然的理由（通常被翻译成“既然”），较为正式，语气比because 弱。seeing(that)，now(
24、that)，considering(that)，in that等与since引导原因状语从句时的意思相近，都表示“既然”。Since it is raining outside,we shall not go to the park.由于外面正在下雨，我们不会去公园了。Now that we have got the good news,lets go and celebrate it.我们既然已经得到了那个好消息，就让我们去庆祝一下吧。Considering(that)everybody is here,lets begin our discussion.既然大家都到了，我们就开始讨论吧。a
25、sas引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明双方已知的原因，语气比 since 弱。Education has always been a hot topic among parents as it is directly related to the future of their children.教育一直是家长之间的热门话题，因为它直接关系到他们孩子的未来。for和上述三个从属连词不同，它是一个并列连词，连接的是并列句。for连接的句子并不是主句行为发生的直接原因，只是提供一些辅助性的补充说明或表示推测。for连接的句子一般位于句末，并且通常用逗号隔开。We should be more car
26、eful,for it is already dark.我们应更小心些，因为天已经黑了。注意注意目的状语从句目的状语从句连词用法例句becausebecause 引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句的后面，because引导的从句位于句首时要用逗号将从句和主句分开；位于句末时，可不用逗号。because表示直接原因，语气最强，可用于回答 why引导的疑问句。The boy made a lot of mistakes in his homework because he did his homework as he watched TV.这个男孩在家庭作业中犯了许多错误，因为他一边看电视一边做作业。
27、-Why did you miss the train?你为什么错过了火车？-Because I got up late.因为我起晚了。sincesince引导的原因状语从句一般置于主句之前，表示已知的、显然的理由（通常被翻译成“既然”），较为正式，语气比because 弱。seeing(that)，now(that)，considering(that)，in that等与since引导原因状语从句时的意思相近，都表示“既然”。Since it is raining outside,we shall not go to the park.由于外面正在下雨，我们不会去公园了。Now that w
28、e have got the good news,lets go and celebrate it.我们既然已经得到了那个好消息，就让我们去庆祝一下吧。Considering(that)everybody is here,lets begin our discussion.既然大家都到了，我们就开始讨论吧。asas引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明双方已知的原因，语气比 since 弱。Education has always been a hot topic among parents as it is directly related to the future of their childr
29、en.教育一直是家长之间的热门话题，因为它直接关系到他们孩子的未来。结果状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句补充说明主句中谓语动词所表示的动作发生的结果，通常位于主句之后。“so that”，“so.that”和“such.that”均可引导结果状语从句。连词用法常用结构sothat意为“如此以至于”。so修饰形容词或副词，such修饰名词。so+形容词/副词+that.so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that.so+many/few+可数名词复数+that.so+much/little(少的)+不可数名词+that.suchthatsuch+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that.suc
30、h+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+thatEverybody lent a hand so that the work was finished ahead of time.由于大家帮忙，所以工作提前完成了。Our English teacher explains English grammar so clearly that all the students can understand it.我们的英语老师把英语语法解释得如此清晰，以至于所有的学生都能理解。It was so hot a day that they wanted to go swimming.天气如此炎热，他们想去游泳
31、。There are so many things in the shops that it is difficult to know what to buy.商店里的东西太多，不知道买什么好。He gave me so little time that it was impossible for me to finish the work on time.他给我的时间如此少，要我按时完成这项工作是不可能的。The Internet is such an important part of our life that it has even influenced our language.因特
32、网是我们生活中如此重要的一部分，以至于它甚至已经影响了我们的语言。They are such good teachers that we all respect them greatly.他们是非常好的老师，我们都极为尊敬他们。方式状语从句方式状语从句连词用法例句as意为“如同，按照的方式”，引导的方式状语从句常位于主句之后。Reputation serves to virtue as light does to a picture.名声之于品格，犹如光之于图画。as if/as though表示“仿佛，好像”，引导的方式状语从句多用虚拟语气，表示与现在情况相反的假设用一般过去时，表示与过去情
33、况相反的假设用过去完成时；有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.此情此景，犹如发生在昨天，我记忆犹新。（与现在事实相反）The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him.这个受伤的男人行动起来好像他身上什么都没发生过似的。（与过去事实相反）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气可能很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大）比较状语从句比较状语从句
34、连词用法例句Asas/not so(as)as第一个as是副词，为“如此”的意思，在主句中说明所比内容的程度；第二个as可看作连词，引导从句。He works as hard as his brother does.他学习和他哥哥一样努力。The work is not so difficult as you imagine.这工作不像你想象的那么困难。than意为“比”。You look younger than you are.你看起来比你实际上要年轻。比较状语从句的谓语动词如果与主句的谓语动词一致，且为行为动词时，常用do（does，did）代替，以免重复。We have produce
35、d more coal this year than we did last year.我们今年生产的煤要比去年生产的多。She drives better than her husband does.她车开得比她丈夫好。状语从句的省略状语从句的省略在表示时间、条件、让步等的状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同或从句的主语是it，从句的谓语又含有be的某种形式时，可以省略从句中的主语和be动词，从而构成“从属连词+形容词/现在分词/过去分词/名词/介词短语/不定式”结构。If(it is)possible,please look up the word in the dictionary
36、.如果可能的话，请在词典里查阅那个单词。He is a good man,though sometimes(he is)rather dull.他是个好人，尽管有时很愚钝。While(I was)passing by the supermarket,I met my friend.路过超市时，我遇见了我的朋友。Unless(I am)invited,I wont take part in the activity.除非有人邀请，否则我不会参加那个活动。Part 41.As is reported,it is more than 100 years _ Tsinghua University w
37、as founded.2._(immediate)Lily reached her home,she went to the kitchen and began to prepare supper.3.Respect your parents and teachers and value their opinions,even _,they annoy you sometimes.4.Global warming,if not properly _(control)might lead to more natural disasters.5.When a pencil is partly in
38、 a glass of water,it looks as if it _(be)broken.6.Driving a car is not always as hard as you imagine _ condition that you stick to traffic rules.sinceImmediatelyif/thoughcontrolledwereon1.Jake/so that/he/got up early/to exercise/would have time/before class2.although/they still/edited the photos/loo
39、ked/she had not/very good3.he/went to work/nothing had happened/as ifJake got up early so that he would have time to exercise before class.Although she had not edited the photos,they still looked very good.He went to work as if nothing had happened.4.she was/liked her/her teacher/because/so hard-working5.I/do not tell me/when/people/get very upset/the truth6.if/you are/be/they will/nice to other people/nice to youHer teacher liked her because she was so hard-working.I get very upset when people do not tell me the truth.If you are nice to other people,they will be nice to you.
