1、第六节非谓语动词和独立主格结构第六节非谓语动词和独立主格结构考点分类突破考点分类突破 考点四十一现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别【真题再现】1(2010重庆)The news shocked the public,_ to great concern about students safety at school.A.having led B.led C.leading D.to lead 答案与解析：C现在分词短语作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。2(2010江西)The lady walked around the shops，_ an eye out for bargains.A.keep
2、B.kept C.keeping D.to keep 答案与解析：C句意：这位女士在商场转悠着，留意着里面的减价商品。现在分词短语keeping an eye out for(留意，注意)作伴随状语。3(2010安徽)He had a wonderful childhood,_ with his mother to all corners of the world.A.travel B.to travel C.traveled D.traveling 答案与解析：D后半句是现在分词短语作状语，表示伴随。B表示动作尚未发生，与前半句内容矛盾。4(2010湖南)Dina,_ for months
3、to find a job as a waitress,finally took a position at a local advertising agency.A.struggling B.struggled C.having struggled D.to struggle 答案与解析：C根据句意可知，此处应用现在分词形式作伴随状语，且struggle这一动作发生在谓语动词took之前，故用现在分词的完成式。句意：在经过数月努力找一份服务员的工作未果之后，Dina最终在一个当地广告事务所谋得了一个职位。5(2010北京)_ at my classmates faces,I read the
4、 same excitement in their eyes.A.Looking B.Look C.To look D.Looked 答案与解析：A现在分词短语Looking at my classmates faces在句中作状语，look与句子主语I是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用look的现在分词形式。6(2010福建)Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock,_ supplies to Yushu,Qinghai Province after the earthquake.A.sending B.to send C.having
5、 sent D.to have sent 答案与解析：A句意：地震过后，许多救援人员正日夜不停地工作，向青海玉树运输救援物资。现在分词短语作伴随状语，表示同时发生的动作，故选A项。C项表示动作已完成，不符合题意。不定式表示出乎预料的结果，作目的状语时一般不与主句隔开，可排除B、D两项。7(2010四川)The lawyer listened with full attention,_ to miss any point.A.not trying B.trying not C.to try not D.not to try 答案与解析：B句中现在分词作伴随状语。not trying.表示“不努力
6、做”，trying not.表示“努力不”，意义不同。句意：律师专注地倾听着，努力不错过任何要点。8(2010江苏)The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu,_ the students to return to their classrooms.A.enabling B.having enabled C.to enable D.to have enabled 答案与解析：A句意：这位退休老人把他大部分的积蓄捐赠给了在玉树地震中被毁坏的那所学校，使学生
7、得以重返教室。此处是ing分词短语作状语。9(2010陕西)_ from the top of the tower,the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.A.Seen B.Seeing C.Having seen D.To see 答案与解析：A句意：当从塔顶看的时候，南边的山脚是一片树的海洋。动词see与句中主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词。此非谓语结构相当于一个状语从句If/When it is seen from the top of the tower。10(2010浙江)The experiment shows tha
8、t proper amounts of exercise,if _ regularly,can improve our health.A.being carried out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry out 答案与解析：C逻辑主语exercise与carry out之间构成动宾关系，故用carry out的过去分词形式carried out，此处相当于if the exercise is carried out regularly的省略，所以答案选C项。【考点诠释】1现在分词作状语 现在分词(短语)作状语，表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、
9、方式或伴随情况。现在分词的时态主要有以下两种：(1)一般式：现在分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或现在分词表示的动作发生后，谓语动词表示的动作紧接着发生。The children came in,talking and laughing.孩子们进来时边说边笑。(此句中现在分词的逻辑主语是The children，两者之间是主谓关系，谓语动作与分词动作同时发生，故现在分词作伴随状语)Not knowing his address,I cant call on him in person.由于不知道他的地址，我无法亲自拜访他。(此句中现在分词的逻辑主语是I，两者之间是主谓关系，且根据
10、语境应使用现在分词的否定形式，表示原因)注意：有时现在分词的主语与其所在句中的主语并不一致，这种现在分词叫垂悬分词。类似用法的现在分词短语有judging by,considering that,generally/strictly speaking等。Judging from his accent,he must be from the south.从他的口音判断，他肯定是南方人。Generally speaking,many people enjoy watching TV.一般来说，很多人喜欢看电视。(2)完成式：强调分词动作在谓语动词动作之前已完成。Having been shown
11、around the campus,we were taken to the lecture hall.被领着参观完校园后，我们被带到了演讲厅。(shown与逻辑主语we是动宾关系)注意：完成式的否定形式是在前面加not，即not having done/not having been done。Not having finished his homework,he couldnt go to bed so early.没有完成功课，他不能这么早睡觉。2过去分词作状语 当分词动作与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系时，应用过去分词作状语。Inspired by his speech,we took act
12、ion at once.在他的演讲的鼓舞下，我们立即采取了行动。(此句中Inspired的逻辑主语是we，它们之间是动宾关系，所以使用过去分词)Given more time,I can do it better.如果多给些时间，我会做得更好。注意对比以下句子中现在分词和过去分词的不同：The professor came in,followed by a little girl.教授进来了，后面跟着一个小女孩。The professor came in,following a little girl.教授跟着一个小女孩进来了。两个句子中分词的逻辑主语都是The professor，第一句强调
13、“教授被小女孩跟着”(教授在前，小女孩在后)，所以使用过去分词；第二句强调“教授跟着小女孩”(小女孩在前，教授在后)，所以使用现在分词作伴随状语。Seen from behind,he looks like our headmaster.从背后看起来，他很像我们的校长。Seeing the police,the murderer was frightened.一看见警察，这个杀人犯就害怕。第一句中“Seen”的逻辑主语是“he”，两者之间是动宾关系；第二句中“Seeing”的逻辑主语是“the murderer”，两者之间是主谓关系。3“连词分词(短语)”结构作状语“连词分词(短语)”结构相当
14、于状语从句。当分词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系时用现在分词；当分词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系时用过去分词。While crossing the road,you must be careful.过马路时要小心。(此句中“crossing”的逻辑主语是“you”，两者之间是主谓关系，相当于时间状语从句“While you are crossing the road”，因此使用现在分词)When completed,it will look more beautiful.完成了的时候它看起来会更加漂亮。(此句中“completed”的逻辑主语是it，两者之间是动宾关系，相当于时间状语从句“When it
15、 is completed”，因此使用过去分词)。考点四十二不定式作状语【真题再现】1(2010全国)With Fathers Day around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.A.buy B.to buy C.buying D.to have bought 答案与解析：B句意：父亲节即将来临，我已经从银行取了些钱要给父亲买礼物。空白处应用动词不定式作目的状语，因此答案为B项。2(2010江西)There were many talented actors out there
16、just waiting _.A.to discover B.to be discovered C.discovered D.being discovered 答案与解析：B句意：很多有天赋的演员在那里，就是为了等着被人发现。discover与many talented actors之间是动宾关系，且强调将来，故用不定式的被动语态。3(2010辽宁)We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.A.finding B.to find C.find D.to be found 答案与解析：B句意：看到寺院仍处于原始
17、的状态，我们感到非常震惊。空格处为动词不定式作状语，表示原因，故选B项。4(2010四川)In many peoples opinion,that company,though relatively small,is pleasant _.A.to deal with B.dealing with C.to be dealt with D.dealt with 答案与解析：A某些形容词(pleasant,nice,comfortable,difficult,hard,easy等)后接动词不定式时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。【考点诠释】1作状语 不定式作状语往往表示目的、结果、原因等。To ke
18、ep warm,we shut all the windows.为了保暖，我们关上了所有的窗户。(目的状语)He woke up and looked out of the window to find the world outside greatly changed.他醒来往窗外看，发现外面的世界变化很大。(结果状语)Im pleased to be invited to talk here.我很高兴被邀在这里讲话。(原因状语)2不定式的时态(1)不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。He seems to know this.他似乎知道这件事。I hope
19、 to see you next week.我希望下周能见到你。(2)不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。Dont pretend to be working hard.Just do what you should do.不要假装努力工作。做你该做的事。(3)不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。You appear to have travelled quite a lot.你似乎旅行过多次。3不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的情况(1)不定式作定语，和被修饰的名词有动宾关系又和句子中的另一名词或代词有逻辑上的主谓关系时。Please lend me a p
20、en to write with.请借给我一支钢笔写字。(2)在“be形容词不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作与主语之间存在动宾关系时。常见的此类形容词有easy,hard,difficult,interesting,heavy,pleasant,comfortable,safe,dangerous,impossible等。The chair is very comfortable to sit on.这把椅子坐着很舒适。(3)在“疑问代词不定式”结构中。Who do you think can tell us what to do?你认为谁能告诉我们做什么？(4)在“be形容词/副词enoug
21、h不定式”结构中。The novel was not interesting enough to publish.这部小说的趣味性不够，不能发表。考点四十三不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语【真题再现】1(2010全国)Mrs.White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.A.to borrow B.to be borrowed C.borrowed D.borrowing 答案与解析：C句意：怀特老师向她的学生展示了一些从图书馆借来的旧地图。maps与borrow为动宾关系，因此空白处应用过去分词作后置定语，故答案为C项。
22、2(2010重庆)Many buildings in the city need repairing,but the one _ first is the library.A.repaired B.being repaired C.repairing D.to be repaired 答案与解析：D不定式的被动式作后置定语表示被动关系及动作尚未发生。3(2010湖南)So far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library.A.discovered B.to be discovered C.discovering D.having discove
23、red 答案与解析：Amoney和discover之间存在动宾关系，故用过去分词形式discovered作定语，修饰money。句意：到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆发现的钱。4(2010北京)Im calling to enquire about the position _ in yesterdays China Daily.A.advertised B.to be advertised C.advertising D.having advertised 答案与解析：A动词advertise和名词position是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词表被动；过去分词短语advertised in
24、 yesterdays China Daily在句中作position的后置定语。B项表示将要发生的动作，不合题意。5(2010山东)I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.A.completing B.to complete C.completed D.being completed 答案与解析：B根据句意在此处表示一个将要发生的动作，所以用动词不定式，故选B项。句意：在这学期结束之前我有大量的阅读要完成。C项作定语表示已经完成，D项作定语表示正在进行，故都应排除。6(2010四川)A great number of st
25、udents _ said they were forced to practise the piano.A.to question B.to be questioned C.questioned D.questioning 答案与解析：C句中question与其修饰的名词students之间是动宾关系(被动关系)，因此用过去分词作定语。7(2010陕西)His first book _ next month is based on a true story.A.published B.to be published C.to publish D.being published 答案与解析：B
26、句意：下个月要出版的他的第一本书是以一个真实的故事为原型创作的。此处表示将来，是被出版，要用不定式的被动式作定语。8(2010浙江)The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.A.being weighed B.to weigh C.weighed D.weighing 答案与解析：D逻辑主语young children与weigh之间构成主谓关系，应该用weigh的现在分词形式weighing，相当于“yo
27、ung children who weigh less than 40 pounds”，答案选D项。【考点诠释】1不定式作定语 不定式作定语时表将来。作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词；不定式用来修饰由序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词；不定式作定语时用来修饰一些抽象名词，常见的有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way等。She was the first student to come to school.她是第一个到学校的学生。I have no
28、chance to go abroad.我没有出国的机会。2现在分词作定语 当被修饰的名词与定语在逻辑上是主谓关系时，动词使用现在分词。单个分词作定语，放在名词前；分词短语作定语，放在名词后。The girl singing on the stage is my young sister.台上正在唱歌的女孩是我妹妹。(The girl与现在分词singing在逻辑上是主谓关系)We saw an exciting film last night.昨晚我们看了一场令人兴奋的电影。(此用法与现在分词作表语类似。类似用法的现在分词有interesting,surprising,touching,mo
29、ving,satisfying等)3过去分词作定语 当被修饰的名词与定语在逻辑上是动宾关系时，动词使用过去分词。单个分词作定语，放在名词前；分词短语作定语，放在名词后。It is a novel written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温写的一本小说。(a novel与过去分词written在逻辑上是动宾关系)The puzzled look on his face suggested that he didnt know the lady at all.他脸上迷惑不解的表情表明他完全不认识那位女士。(此用法与过去分词作表语类似。类似用法的过去分词短语有a satisfied e
30、xpression“满意的表情”，a surprised look“惊讶的表情”，an excited mind“兴奋的心情”等)考点四十四不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语【真题再现】1(2010辽宁)Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles.A.to recognize B.recognizing C.recognize D.recognized 答案与解析：D题干中含有“get sth.done”结构，表示“使某事被做”。句意：Alexander试图使他的工作被医学界认可。his work与recognize为逻
31、辑上的动宾关系，因此用过去分词作宾补。故选D项。2(2010湖南)Listen!Do you hear someone _ for help?A.calling B.call C.to call D.called 答案与解析：Ahear sb.doing sth.表示听到某人正在做某事，calling在句中是现在分词作宾补。句意：听！你听到有人正在喊救命吗？【考点诠释】1不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作补语有两种基本形式，即带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。(1)有些动词常跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语，即“动词sb.to do sth.”，常见的有ask,wish,cause,force,invi
32、te,order,persuade,tell,advise,allow,encourage等。The teacher encourages us to write a composition every week.老师鼓励我们每周写一篇作文。I wish you to go with us.我希望你跟我们一起走。注意区别allow/permit doing与allow/permit sb.to do。They dont allow him to smoke in the office.他们不允许他在办公室抽烟。They dont allow smoking in the office.他们不允
33、许有人在办公室抽烟。(2)有些动词跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，结构为“动词sb./sth.do sth.”，类似用法的动词有have,let,make，see，notice,observe,look at,watch,hear,feel等，宾语与补语在逻辑上是主谓关系。The man made Jim sweep the floor every evening.那人要吉姆每晚扫地。I saw her go into the room just now.我看见她刚才进屋去了。注意：当以上谓语动词用于被动语态时，要使用带to的不定式作补语(此情况下的补语实际上是主语补足语)。Jim was m
34、ade to sweep the floor every evening.在“sb./sth.be said/believed/thought.”结构中，其后常跟带to的不定式作主语补足语。如果补语动作先于谓语动作发生，要用不定式的完成式。Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.查尔斯巴贝奇被认为发明了第一台计算机。He is said to have been to many foreign countries.据说他去过好多个国家。2现在分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语，结
35、构为“动词sb./sth.doing”，类似用法的动词有have,keep,catch和感官动词see,notice,hear,watch,feel等，宾语与补语在逻辑上是主谓关系。He kept us laughing all the time during the meal.吃饭的时候他让我们一直笑个不停。He was caught cheating in the exam.他在考试时被抓住作弊。3过去分词作宾语补足语 过去分词作宾语补足语，结构为“动词sb./sth.done”，宾语与补语在逻辑上是动宾关系。类似用法的动词有make,have和感官动词see,notice,hear,wa
36、tch,feel等。He had never heard French spoken before.以前他从来没听过别人讲法语。What a mess!You should have your room cleaned at once.真是太乱了！你要立刻让人将房间打扫干净。注意以下两个句子的区别：I saw him rob an old woman of her handbag.我看见他抢一个老妇人的手提包。I saw him robbed of his bag.我看见他的包被抢了。考点四十五不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词作表语【真题再现】(2010福建)In April,thousan
37、ds of holidaymakers remained _ abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.A.sticking B.stuck C.to be stuck D.to have stuck 答案与解析：B句意：四月份，成千上万的度假者由于火山灰的影响而被滞留在国外。此处remain作系动词，后跟过去分词作表语，表示被动，故选择过去分词stuck。【考点诠释】1不定式与动名词作表语时的区别 不定式作表语时多表示具体的将来的动作，所以当主语是wish,purpose,aim,idea,task，step,way等时，表语常用不定式；相对于不定式，动名词更
38、接近名词的性质，其作表语时多表示习惯性动作，所以当主语是job,hobby,favorite等时，表语常用动名词。My dream is to enter Beijing University.我的梦想是考入北京大学。My job is teaching you English.我的工作是教你英语。2现在分词与过去分词作表语时的区别 多数情况下，如果主语是人，表语使用过去分词，即“人be/look等过去分词”；如果主语是事或物，表语使用现在分词，即“物be/look等现在分词”。All of us were so disappointed at his absence.我们都对他的缺席感到失望
39、。Though the trip was tiring,we felt very happy.尽管这次旅途令人疲倦，我们还是感觉很高兴。事实上，当表示主语处于某种状态中，即“感到/觉得”时，表语要使用过去分词，所以有时主语是物时表语也要使用过去分词；而当表示主语具有“令人或使别人感到”的特征或性质时，表语要使用现在分词，所以有时主语是人时表语也要使用现在分词。He is terrifying.他很吓人。(他的长相或举动令人 害怕)He is terrified.他很害怕。Please describe a dog that is frightened.请描述一只惊恐的狗。(狗受到了惊吓)Ple
40、ase describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。常用的过去分词有：interested,excited,surprised,puzzled,amused,confused,embarrassed,satisfied等；常用的现在分词有：interesting,exciting,surprising,puzzling,amusing,confusing,embarrassing,satisfying等。考点四十六不定式和动名词作宾语【真题再现】1(2010辽宁)Its no use having ideas only.Dont worry.P
41、eter can show you _ to turn an idea into an act.A.how B.who C.what D.where 答案与解析：A分析句子结构可知，此处是“疑问词动词不定式”代替宾语从句。句意：Peter可以向你展示如何把点子变为行动。连接词how表示“如何”，合乎语意。2(2009四川)He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion.A.to have B.having C.have D.had 答案与解析：A“疑问词动词不定式”是由一个名词性从句简化而来的结构，在句中可以作宾语、主语和表语。
42、此处“whether不定式”在句中作主语。3(2009陕西)I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken 答案与解析：D表示“记得做过某事”时remember后面要接动词ing形式，而不接动词不定式。这里take与句子的主语I之间存在动宾关系，故用动词ing形式的被动式。故选D项。【考点诠释】1通常跟不定式作宾语的词有afford,agree,want,wish,hope,refuse,manage,ask,offer,prom
43、ise,pretend,decide,learn,determine,expect,beg,choose,force,intend,attempt,fail,claim,long(v.),plan,prepare,would like(love,prefer),seek等。2通常跟动名词作宾语的词有acknowledge,admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,feel like,finish,forgive,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practice
44、,resist,risk,suggest,stand,involve等。3有些动词的后面可用不定式或动名词作宾语，但是意义差别很大。这些动词有forget,remember,regret,mean,stop,try,cant help,go on等。4在allow，advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动名词作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，用带to的不定式作宾语补足语。5need,want,deserve,require动名词主动形式表被动意义，相当于用不定式的被动式。6在devote.to,look forward to,stick to,be used to,objec
45、t to,be(kept)busy,be worth,have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),Its no use/good,feel like,get down to等短语或句式中，须用动名词作宾语。7在like,hate,prefer等动词后，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语；如指特定或具体某次行动，多用不定式。8be worth doingbe worthy to be done/of being done值得做某事 考点四十七独立主格结构【真题再现】(2010山东)The living room
46、is clean and tidy,with a dining table already _ for a meal to be cooked.A.laid B.laying C.to lay D.being laid 答案与解析：Alay意思是“摆放，搁”，和其逻辑主语table是动宾关系，already表明动作已经完成，表示被动和完成应该用动词的过去分词形式。句意：起居室既整洁又干净，为了正要做的饭，一张餐桌已经摆好了。【考点诠释】独立主格结构从语法上说不是句子，通常在句中独立存在。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：1名词/代词介词短语：The boy came in,sword in han
47、d.(a sword in his hand)男孩走进来，手里握着剑。2名词/代词副词：The meeting over,we all went home.会议结束后，我们都回家了。3名词/代词形容词：The students were having a discussion，their faces red with excitement.学生们正在进行讨论，他们因为激动，脸都红了。4名词/代词非谓语动词(现在分词、过去分词、不定式)：注意现在分词表示主动、进行概念；过去分词表示被动、完成概念；动词不定式表示将来的动作。It being a fine day,we went out for a picnic last Sunday.因为天气好，我们上周日出去郊游了。All things considered,we will be much more successful.把所有的情况都考虑进去，我们将会更加成功。5with名词/代词形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词构成独立主格结构，在句中作定语或状语。With the boy leading the way,we found the office easily.有这个男孩领路，我们很容易找到了办公室。They left,with the work half finished.他们离开了，留下一半工作没做。
