1、126/11/2005浙江大学教育学院 褚献华23Outline 提纲提纲 Children as language learners 儿童学习语言的特点Approaches&Principles 教学途径和原则Effective teaching strategies 有效的教学策略Priorities for CYLE 剑桥少儿英语的教学重点 4学习目标学习目标 Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture,you are expected to 听了今天的讲座，希望您能1.State the characteristics of children learn
2、ing English说出少儿学习外语的特点l小学生的特点、学习过程、学习的条件2.Explain the key principles and strategies for teaching young learners English解释少儿英语教学的重要原则和策略l以学生为中心、交际为导向、活动为基础5Please ask yourself：lWhy do children learn English?少儿英语教学的主要目的是什么？lWhat are their characteristics?少儿学习外语有哪些特点？lWhat approach is more effective?什么
3、样的教学途径对少儿更有效?7少儿英语教学的目的少儿英语教学的目的了解英语国家文化形成世界意识初步形成英语学习策略良好的语音基础初步的口头交际能力 学习和掌握英语语言基础知识建立英语学习的兴趣和信心 形成积极的态度8少儿作为外语学习者少儿作为外语学习者young learners of EnglishlYoung learners:strengths and weaknesses少儿学习外语的优势和弱点lLanguage learning approaches for young learners少儿语言学习的途径lExternal conditions for effective YLE少儿英
4、语学习的外部条件9学习能力是与生俱来的学习能力是与生俱来的The ability to learn is innate.l学习是在一定的社会文化情境中，通过参与活动、与他人交流而实现的意义建构过程。Learning is a process of meaning construction in a socio-cultural context by the learners involvement in the activities and communicationl每个学生都是积极的探究者和知识建构者。l学生原有的知识经验是新知识的生长基点。l学生需求、兴趣和自主性是有效学习的内部基础。l
5、与他人的互动和正确的引导对意义建构非常重要。10Children as language learners儿童作为语言学习者11Childrenare more enthusiastic and lively are bold to have a go at an activityhave less psycho-stress on learninghave more time to learn热情积极活泼勇于参与活动心理压力较少学习时间较多12But theylare less cognitively developed lcant retain their attention longll
6、ose interest more quicklylhave less learning experience l认知水平较低l注意保持较短l容易丧失兴趣l学习经验较少13少儿如何有效地学英语？少儿如何有效地学英语？How YL learn English?l通过类似母语习得的自然途径 in a natural wayl通过在信任接受的氛围中互动 by interacting with each other in an atmosphere of trust and acceptancel通过参与多种有趣的活动by participating in a variety of interesti
7、ng activitiesl通过模仿和重复、唱歌和诵读等 by imitating and repeating,singing and chanting14自然的方式The natural wayExposure to language 感受语言Comprehension 理解意思Imitation 模仿Active use 活用语言Language input语言输入Language output语言输出15Notice注意注意 Want想学想学 Engage 参与参与Link 联系联系Succeed成功成功 少儿少儿学习语言的过程学习语言的过程the process of YL langu
8、age learning16Clear objectives 的兴趣正确的示范正确的示范Correct demonstration可理解的输入可理解的输入Understandable input轻松的氛围轻松的氛围Stress-free atmosphere有意义的互动有意义的互动Meaningful interaction积极的强化积极的强化Positive reinforcement充分的参与充分的参与Adequate involvement少儿学习英语的外部条件少儿学习英语的外部条件External Conditions for Children Learning English17Ex
9、ternal Conditions for CYLElUnderstandable input 可理解的输入lCorrect demonstration 正确的示范lMeaningful interaction 有意义的互动lAdequate involvement 充分的参与lStress-free atmosphere 轻松的氛围lPositive reinforcement 积极的强化18l儿童以一种类似自然的语言习得方式学习外语l他们具备学习外语的优势和但也有劣势l他们的英语技能不是老师“教给”的，而是他们在参与学习活动过程中“学会”的。l他们学习外语需要有利的外部条件。重要理念重要理
10、念 Key ideas19常见的问题常见的问题Common problemsl教师没有提供足够机会引起学生的注意l教学目标与学生的需要不一致l学生不愿努力尝试l词句太难；不知如何做；没趣味l活动机会不够难以记忆和运用l经历过多的失败失去信心l不能有效地建立联系不能活用l操练太狭窄；内容难于内化；或缺乏挑战性l 如何改进？如何改进？20Implications for Teachers对教师的启示21The teacher should be aware that language acquisition is a natural process 认识语言习得是个自然的过程Speech firs
11、t 口语领先Step by step 循序渐进222.adopt methods compatible with the childrens developmental stage 教学法方法适应儿童发展阶段Active,hands-on动手活动Multi-dimensional learning233.Make the learning relevant to childrens interests and perspective 学习结合儿童的兴趣和认识 Concrete vocabulary具体的词汇Here-and-now content身边的内容Start where childre
12、n are244.The teacher should provide understandable language and necessary support 5.The teacher should provide many opportunities for language interaction 256.The teacher should support pupils motivation and self-esteem while diminishing their anxiety267.The teacher should value the role of the clas
13、sroom environment in supporting learning27Behavioral approach行为主义途径Focus:the reinforcement of behavior through repetition and rewardslTeacher controls learners behavior and learning processlTeacher has a clear lesson planlEnglish patterns are repeated through drills and choral repetitionlSuccess is
14、reinforced by praise and rewards28Input approach 语言输入途径Focus:the input of language from the teacher,tapes,reading materiallLearners are exposed to English understandable or just beyond their present level lLearners are not expected to produce language until they feel readylTeacher introduce new word
15、s and patterns through physical demonstrationlLearners are encouraged to be physically active29Humanistic approach人本主义途径 Focus:the importance of the inner thoughts and feelings of each learnerlDevelopment of inter-personal skills is encouragedlFocus is on the learning processlEach child is allowed t
16、o make choice and pacelLearners are emotionally immersed in the lessonlMotivation comes from inside,not external rewardlChildren are ensured to feel least anxietylTeacher is a“facilitator”and encourage children learn naturally30Constructivist approach建构主义途径Focus:child as an individual trying to make
17、 sense to the worldlEach child is an active explorerlA child tends to move in directions that have personal meaninglA child has the potential to reach beyond the present level,but needs to interact with adults and peers having more knowledgelA child learns language in the attempt to communicate 31Th
18、ree Important PrincipleslChild-Centered perspective 以儿童为中心的教育理念 l Speech-Oriented approach 以口语为导向教学途径l Activity-Based interaction 以活动为基础的互动模式32Child-CenteredlYoung learners characteristics,needs and interest 少儿的特点、需要和兴趣l Learner-centered instruction in以学习者为中心的教学体现在l designing a lesson（备课）l teaching
19、a lesson（上课）l assigning homework（作业）l assessing learning（评价）33Speech-OrientedlTeaching in English 用英语教学l Understandable input 可理解输入l Scaffolding 提供“脚手架”支持 l Authentic language 真实的语言l Meaningful communication 有意义交流l Realia-supported interaction 教具辅助的互动l Speech-based skill development 口语为基础的技能发展34Acti
20、vity-BasedlActivating learning 激发学生积极性l Stimulating interest 刺激兴趣l Multiple Intelligence strategies 多元智能策略l Engaging all learners 促进全体参与l Group learning 小组集体活动l Peer tutorial 同伴互助l Integrating skills 整合技能l Recurrent practice 循环实践l Multi-skilled communication 多技能的交流35Language Learning ActivitiesListe
21、ning Listen and repeat 听听读读Listen and guess 听听猜猜Listen and act(match/find/draw,etc)听听做做SpeakingDraw and ask questions 画图提问Whisper a sentence 轻声传话Pairs finding 寻找对子Speaking chain 连环说话Story telling 讲故事Guessing games猜谜游戏Interview/survey采访调查36ReadingPhonics 认读方法Read and colour 阅读图色Read and match 阅读配对 Re
22、ad and draw 阅读画图Word games 单词游戏Writing Spelling bee 拼词比赛Enriched dictation 多种听写Describing the picture 描述图片Journal writing 记日记37Priorities for CYLElPositive attitude toward learning English 学习英语的积极态度lCorrect pronunciation and intonation 正确的语音语调lBasic skills of English 最基础的英语听说读写技能 Topics,structures,w
23、ords as listed in the syllabuses 大纲中所列话题、结构和词汇38A few more wordsWe should have a strong belief that lEvery child will become a successful L2 learner 每个孩子都会是个成功的第二语言学习者lEvery child needs our hand to hold 每个孩子都需要我们的扶持39Make sure to tell every child:You+Me=Specialand yourself:Progress=learning+practice
24、+reflection 40Time for Questions41Thank you for your attention.Good luck in your teaching.从此网站下载：http:/42The natural wayExposure to language 感受语言Comprehension 理解意思Imitation 模仿Active use 活用语言Language input语言输入Language output语言输出43感知运动阶段前运算阶段具体运算阶段逻辑运算阶段44Multiple Intelligences 多元智能Linguistic intellig
25、ence(“word smart”)(语言文字智能)Logical-mathematical intelligence(“logic/math smart)(逻辑-数学智能)Spatial intelligence(“picture smart”)(视觉空间智能)Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence(“body smart”)(身体运动智能)Musical intelligence(“music smart”)(音乐旋律智能)Interpersonal intelligence(people smart)(人际关系智能)Intrapersonal intelligen
26、ce(self smart)(自我认识智能)Naturalist intelligence(“nature smart”)(自然观察者智能)45The Eight Intelligences46Scaffolding 提供“脚手架”Getting children interested in the task 激发儿童们对任务的兴趣Simplifying the task;breaking it down into smaller steps 简化任务、化整为零Keeping children on task;reminding them of goals 保持儿童们参与，提示学习目标Poin
27、ting out what is important 指出重点Preventing/managing frustration 预防/化解挫折47Choose what to say:SituationsYou meet a friendYou want to ask your teacher somethingYou see your teacherYour friend looks sadSomeone gives you an ice creamYou like the film very muchYou have to go homeIts your friends birthdayYo
28、u want to play tennis with your friendYou cant hear somethingYour mum wants to take you shopping48Questions for Starters(A)1.Whats your name?Whats your friends name?2.How do you spell your name?3.How old are you?How old is the monkey?4.Whats this?What are these?5.Which is your ruler?6.Whats in your
29、schoolbag?7.What colour is your bag?8.What colour do you like?Do you like purple?9.Whos that boy?10.Have you got a bike?4911.Has the cat got any fish?What has it got?12.How many children are there in the picture?13.Whats your favourite fruit?14.What do you want?Do you want a burger or an ice cream?1
30、5.Whose bag is this?Is it Peters?16.Where is your English book?17.What have you got for breakfast?Whats for lunch?18.How do you go to school?Do you go to school by bus?19.What do cats like to eat?20.What do you do every day?50Questions for Starters(B)1.How are you?2.What animals do you like?Do you l
31、ike dogs?3.Where is the cat?Is it under the chair?4.Whats Sue doing now?5.What are the boys doing in the garden?6.Whats Bob plying with?7.Who do you often play with?8.Can I have some juice?9.Where do you have meals?10.Whats in your bedroom?5111.What do you do at school?12.What does Sally do every da
32、y?13.Whats your phone number?14.What does Lily like doing?15.Can you jump like a kangaroo?16.Whats your hobby?Do you like fishing?17.How many apples do you want?18.Where does Tom often play badminton?19.Which is Mary,the girl in green or in red?20.Where do you live?Where does a fish live?52Questions
33、 for Movers(A)1.What day is today？2.Whats the weather like today?3.Where are you going?4.Whose toy car is this?Is it yours?5.Do you often play football?6.What does Peter do every day?7.Are you hungry?What do you want to have?8.Which is bigger,the sun or the moon?9.Why does the earth look bigger than
34、 the sun?10.Whos the tallest in your class?5311.How many days are there in a week？12.What do you usually do on Sunday?13.What did you do last Sunday？14.Where were your friends yesterday?15.What did your friends want to do?Movers(B)16.What are you going to do?17.Whos your best friend?18.Which floor d
35、o you live on?19.Shall I wash my socks?20.Would you like some apples?5421.What do you like doing best?22.How did Jack go to his grandfathers house?23.How much is the ice cream?24.How often do you go to the cinema?25.Can I help you?May I come in?26.Whats wrong with you?Whats the matter with you?27.Wh
36、at do you do if you have a cold?28.What must you do before you get on a train?29.What does Kevins father do?30.Where does he work?What does he have to do on weekdays?5531.What did you see when you came into the room?32.How much water do you need?33.What kind of food would you like to eat?34.When doe
37、s the train leave?35.Where can I take the bus?36.How often does your mother go shopping?37.What do you paint the house with?38.How did he go upstairs?39.What is your friend like?40.Why is the girl happy?56Questions for Flyers1.What was the weather like yesterday?2.Whats your favourite season?What ha
38、ppens in summer?3.When did Bob get up yesterday?4.How long did it take Bobby to clean the room?5.Why werent you at school yesterday?6.What will you do if it snows tomorrow?7.What language do people speak in Japan?8.How long have you learned English?9.How many times have you been to the Childrens Par
39、k?10.How long has your uncle been a doctor?5711.How far is it from your home to our school?12.What does your teacher want you to do?13.What can/cant you do in the library?14.When is Childrens Day?15.What can I do for you?16.Where shall we go for the picnic tomorrow？17.What will you do when you leave
40、 school?18.How many stamps have you collected?19.What were you doing this time yesterday?20.What do people do during the Spring Festival?5821.What are the differences between a frog and a fish?22.How well can your friend speak English?23.What does a dolphin look like?24.How tall are you?25.What colo
41、ur clothes do you like to wear?26.On what days of the week are you very busy?27.Why do most children like summer best?28.What is your fathers sister called?29.What is this desk made of?30.Which do you prefer,coffee or milk?5931.When and where were you born?32.What did Sarah say to you just now?33.Wh
42、at present did you give Tom for his birthday?34.When did you start playing football?35.When will the new film be shown?36.Why didnt you go to bed early last night?37.What will you say if you want to ask someone for help?38.Excuse me,how can I get to the cinema?39.What is the opposite of the word happy?40.Whats the machine that can carry people in the sky?
