1、CHEMISTRYDr.Shyh-ching YangChemistry,6e lSteven S.Zumdahll歐亞書局有限公司 楊楊 士士 慶慶 Chapter 1(a)Introduction:Chemistry is around you all the timelProf.Luis W.Alvarez solved the problem of the disappearing dinosaurs.-iridium銥77Ir -niobium 鈮41 NblDecline of Roman Empire -A sweet syrup called“Sapa”Boiling down
2、 grape juice in a lead-lined vessels,and cooled it down.It is the reason for Sapas sweetness.It was“lead acetate”.lStory of David&Susam -Porphyria 一種稀有的血液疾病lLow cobalt level 27Co,could be result in personality disorder and violent behavior.lLithium salts have been shown to be very effective in contr
3、olling the effects of manic狂噪depressive憂鬱disease.Chemistry:A Science for the 21st Century Health and Medicine Sanitation衛生 systems Surgery with anesthesia麻醉 Vaccines 疫苗and antibiotics抗生素Energy and the Environment Fossil fuels Solar energy Nuclear energy1.1Chemistry:A Science for the 21st Century Mat
4、erials and Technology Polymers,ceramics,liquid crystals Room-temperature superconductors?Molecular computing?Food and Agriculture Genetically modified crops“Natural”pesticides殺蟲劑 Specialized fertilizers肥料1.1（1.1).Chemistry:An OverviewlWhat is matter made of?AtomslVery recently for the first time we
5、can“see”individual atomsvia STM(Scanning Tunneling Microscope)lOne of the main challenges of chemistry is to understand the connection between the macroscopic world that we experience and the microscopic world of atoms and molecules.Figure 1.01a:The surface of a single grain of table salt.Figure 1.0
6、1b:An oxygen atom on a gallium 31Ga鎵鎵arsenide 33As砷砷 surface.Figure 1.01c:Scanning tunneling microscope image showing rows of ring-shaped clusters(串串)of benzene molecules on a rhodium 45Rh銠銠surface.Figure 1.2 A charged mercury atom shows up as a tiny white dot.Figure 1.3:Sand on a beach looks unifor
7、m from a distance,but up close the irregular sand grains are visible.Igniting soap bubbles filled with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.(1.2)Steps in the Scientific Method(P.6)Outcomes(結果）結果）Over the Long-TermLaw（定律）（定律）v.Theory Figure 1.4:The fundamental steps of the scientific method.Figure 1.5:Th
8、e various parts of the scientific method.Nature of Measurement(1.3)Unit of MeasurementlInternational SystemChemistry In ActionOn 9/23/99,$125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mars atmosphere 100 km lower than planned and was destroyed by heat.1.71 lb=1 N1 lb=4.45 N“This is going to be the cautio
9、nary tale that will be embedded（深留腦中）into introduction to the metric system in elementary school,high school,and college science courses till the end of time.”1.7Figure 1.6:Measure-ment of volumeFigure 1.7:Common types of laboratory equipment used to measure liquid volume.Figure 1.8:An electronic an
10、alytical balance.Figure 1.9:Measurement of volume using a buret.The volume is read at the bottom of the liquid curve(called the meniscus(新月新月).(1.4)Uncertainty in MeasurementFigure 1.10:The results of several dart throws show the difference between precise（精確）（精確）and accurate（準確）（準確）.Accuracy how cl
11、ose a measurement is to the true valuePrecision how close a set of measurements are to each otheraccurate&preciseprecisebutnot accuratenot accurate¬ precise1.81.8Scientific NotationThe number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:602,200,000,000,000,000,000,0006.022 x 1023The mass of a single carbon atom in
12、 grams:0.00000000000000000000001991.99 x 10-23N x 10nN is a number between 1 and 10n is a positive or negative integerScientific Notation1.8568.762n 0568.762=5.68762 x 102move decimal left0.00000772n 00.00000772=7.72 x 10-6move decimal rightAddition or Subtraction1.Write each quantity with the same
13、exponent n2.Combine N1 and N2 3.The exponent,n,remains the same4.31 x 104+3.9 x 103=4.31 x 104+0.39 x 104=4.70 x 104Scientific Notation1.8Multiplication1.Multiply N1 and N22.Add exponents n1 and n2(4.0 x 10-5)x(7.0 x 103)=(4.0 x 7.0)x(10-5+3)=28 x 10-2=2.8 x 10-1 Division1.Divide N1 and N22.Subtract
14、 exponents n1 and n28.5 x 104 5.0 x 109=(8.5 5.0)x 104-9=1.7 x 10-5 Precision（精密度）（精密度）and Accuracy（準確度）（準確度）Types of Errorl(1.5)Significant Figures and Caculations:Rules for Counting Significant Figures-OverviewRules for Counting Significant Figures-DetailsRules for Counting Significant Figures-Det
15、ailsRules for Counting Significant Figures-DetailsRules for Counting Significant Figures-DetailsRules for Counting Significant Figures-DetailslSignificant Figures1.8Zeros between nonzero digits are significantAny digit that is not zero is significant1.234 kg 4 significant figures606 m 3 significant
16、figuresZeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant0.08 L 1 significant figureIf a number is greater than 1,then all zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant2.0 mg 2 significant figuresIf a number is less than 1,then only the zeros that are at the end and in the mi
17、ddle of the number are significant0.00420 g 3 significant figuresHow many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?3001 g4 significant figures0.0320 m33 significant figures6.4 x 104 molecules2 significant figures560 kg2 significant figures1.824 mL2 significant figuresSignificant
18、 Figures1.8Addition or SubtractionThe answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimalpoint than any of the original numbers.89.3321.1+90.432round off to 90.4one significant figure after decimal point3.70-2.91330.7867two significant figures after decimal pointround off to 0.79Significant F
19、igures1.8Multiplication or DivisionThe number of significant figures in the result is set by the original number that has the smallest number of significant figures4.51 x 3.6666=16.536366=16.53 sig figsround to3 sig figs6.8 112.04=0.0606926 2 sig figsround to2 sig figs=0.061Significant Figures1.8Exa
20、ct Numbers(精確數字）Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are consideredto have an infinite number of significant figuresThe average of three measured lengths;6.64,6.68 and 6.70?6.64+6.68+6.703=6.67333=6.67 Because 3 is an exact number=7Rules for Significant Figures in Mathematical OperationslR
21、ules for Significant Figures in Mathematical Operationsl(1.6)Dimensional AnalysisOKmile:.10 621371kilometer0.62137 milekilometerNOT OK:1kilometer0.62137 mile1 mile0.62137 kilometer(1.7)TemperatureFigure 1.11:The three major temperature scales.Figure 1.12:Normal body temperature on the Fahrenheit,Cel
22、sius,and Kelvin scales.TemperatureTTTTF5 CKCFC27315932.F(1.8)Densitydensity =massvolume(1.9)Classification of MatterFigure 1.13:The three states of water(where red spheres represent oxygen atoms and blue spheres represent hydrogen atoms).Types of MixtureslPure SubstancesFigure 1.14:Simple laboratory
23、 distillation apparatus.Figure 1.15a:Paper chromatography of ink.(a)A line of the mixture to be separated is placed at one end of a sheet of porous paper.Figure 1.15b:Paper chromatography(層析）層析）of ink.(b)The paper acts as a wick（燈心）（燈心）to draw up the liquid.Figure 1.15c:Paper chromatography of ink.(
24、c)The component with the weakest attraction for the paper travels faster than the components that cling（吸住）（吸住）to the paper.The element mercury(top left)combines with the element iodine(top right)to form the compound mercuric iodide(bottom).This is an example of a chemical change.Figure 1.16:The org
25、anization of matter.25.How many significant figures are in each of the following?35.12.1098.2001.2.001 10.0.0000101.1.01 10.1000.22.04030abcdefgh26.How many significant figures are in each of the following?2333.100.1.0 10.1.00 10.100.0.0048.0.00480.4.80 10.4.800 10abcdefgh27.Round off each of the fo
26、llowing numbers to three significant figures,and write the answer in standard exponential notation.3.312.54.0.00031254.31,254,000.0.31254.31.254 10abcde28.Use exponential notation to express the number 480 tolone significant figure.ltwo significant figures.lThree significant figures.lfour significan
27、t figures.29.Perform the following mathematical operations,and express each result to the correct number of significant figures.lA.97.381+4.2502+0.99195lB.171.5+72.915-8.23lC.1.00914+0.87104+1.2012lD.21.901-13.21-4.021530.Perform the following mathematical operations,and express each result to the c
28、orrect number of significant figures.23432670.102 0.0821 273.1.01.0.14 6.022 10.4.0 105.021 107.34993 102.00 10.3.00 10abcd66.Classify each of the following as homogeneous or heterogeneous.lA.SoillB.the atmosphere lC.a carbonated soft drinklD.gasolinelE.goldlF.a solution of ethanol and water68.Classify each of the following as a mixture or a pure substancelA.WaterlB.BloodlC.The OceanlD.IronlE.BrasslF.UraniumlG.WinelH.LeatherlI.Table Salt
