1、英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门(上册）上册）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries An Introduction(Book One)AustraliaUnit 19 Australia in the World TodayQuiz Give the English and a brief explanation for the following:1 全球化 2 资本流动 3 反恐 4 温室气体 5气候变化Focal Points three stages in Australian foreign
2、 relations economic relations education in Australia tourism in Australia media in Australia environmental risks impact of climate change on AustraliaThis Unit Is Divided into Six SectionsI.Australia:Foreign RelationsII.Economic RelationsIII.Education:Global Flows of Capital and PeopleIV.Tourism in
3、Australia:Global Flows of Capital,People and CultureV.The Australian Media:Flows of Capital,Culture and TechnologyVI.Globalisation and Environmental Risks:Flows of PollutionI.Australia:Foreign RelationsThere are three major historical stages in Australias relationship with the rest of the world.Each
4、 of these stages has a common theme:Australias need to find both security and its own active role in the Asia Pacific region.This concern has taken different directions in these three.(Right:Asia-Pacific marked in green)I.Australia:Foreign RelationsStage One:1788-1940s Until 1900 Australia comprised
5、 a group of six British colonies whose relationship to the rest of the world was dictated by the British government.On Federation in 1901,Australia became an independent colony but until the 1940s it had little control in the field of foreign affairs.In 1907 it was decided that the“great colonies”in
6、cluding Australia should no longer be called colonies but should be styled“the self-governing dominions beyond the seas”I.Australia:Foreign RelationsStage One:1788-1940s During WWII,the Australian government was horrified at the British neglect of the dangers that Japanese militarism posed to Austra
7、lia.The government turned from the UK to the USA to cooperate in defending Australia.The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act,passed by the Curtin Government in 1942,provided that in future the British Government could only legislate for Australia at Australias specific request.It was a major step fo
8、rward in Australias preparedness to forge its own legal identity in the world.I.Australia:Foreign RelationsAustralian Posters in WWIII.Australia:Foreign RelationsStage Two:1940s-1970s The danger during this period was that Australia had simply exchanged domination by the UK for domination by the USA
9、.The post-war successes of communism in Russia and China bred paranoia in the West.Australia was positioned as the“Wests outpost”in the Asia Pacific.The ANZUS treaty was signed by Australia,New Zealand and the United States in 1951.From the 1950s to the 1970s Australia became involved in the America
10、n“crusade against communism”in the Korean War and the Vietnam War.Meanwhile,the unpopular policy of conscription-by-ballot became one of the major factors leading to a negative reaction to Australias relationship with the USA.I.Australia:Foreign Relations17,000 Australians served in the Korean War b
11、etween 1950 and 1953,and they suffered 339 dead,and 1200 wounded.Australias involvement in the Vietnam War,beginning with a small commitment of 30 military advisors in 1962,increased to 7,672 Australian personnel.I.Australia:Foreign RelationsStage Three:1970s to date,Australia in the world todayThe
12、Whitlam Labor government(1972-1974)made a decision that Australia would take a more independent position.It abolished conscription,withdrew troops from Vietnam in 1972,and in the longer term,moved to increase trade relations with Asia,most notably in order to have a more open political and trading r
13、elationship with China.It officially recognised the Peoples Republic of China.After Whitlam,relations with China and with the whole Asia Pacific region have continued to evolve.I.Australia:Foreign RelationsToday,Australia is a member of the APEC,G20,OECD and WTO organisations.APEC was established fr
14、om an Australian initiative in 1989,when Canberra hosted the first informal dialogue with 12 members.Since then the forum has grown to include 21 member economies and has become one of significant world economic bodies.Australia takes its turn,along with other member nations,to host assemblies to pr
15、omote regional stability and to address global issues including counter-terrorism,non-proliferation and health.APEC Member Economies account for approximately 70 per cent of Australias trade and include eight of its top 10 export markets.I.Australia:Foreign RelationsChinese leader Hu Jintao attendin
16、g APEC 2007 in Sydney.II.Economic RelationsGlobalisation:Flows of CapitalAustralias capital investment in its own manufacturing industries declined significantly in the late twentieth century.Capital investment in these industries shifted globally to cheaper labour markets in Asia.The Australian eco
17、nomy now depends primarily upon its other two major sectors,the resources and services industries:the Australian service sector now represents 68%of Australian GDP.However,the agricultural and mining sectors(representing only 10%of GDP combined)account for 57%of the nations exports.II.Economic Relat
18、ionsII.Economic RelationsThe Resources Industry:Flows of Capital,Culture andPeopleAccording to statistics,in 2007 Australia imported AU$228 billion of goods and services and exported AU$216 billion.Australias main export partners are China,Japan,South Korea,the USA and India,and the main import part
19、ners are the USA,China,Japan,Singapore,and Germany.In 1972,Japan became Australias largest trading partner.Then,in 2007,China overtook Japan.Australia is a major exporter of natural gas,coal,iron,bauxite,copper,tin,gold,silver,uranium,tungsten,mineral sands,lead,zinc,opals,diamonds,grain,wool,meat a
20、nd food products.Beef industryAustralian opalCoal miningWheat harvesting in AustraliaII.Economic Relations China is Australias biggest trading partner thanks mainly to its strong demand for iron ore,coal and liquefied natural gas.III.Education:Global Flows of Capital and PeopleAccording to AEI,(Aust
21、ralian Education International)education services attract annual earnings of$15.5 billion and remains Australias third largest export,behind coal and iron ore and the largest services export industry,ahead of tourism.Education is a“mushrooming industry”:foreign-student numbers in Australia increased
22、 from 228,000 in 2002 to around 527,000 in 2013.However,by 2010,this rapid expansion had created problems,and there was concern that the education industry had been harmed by institutions that cashed in on foreigners who used education as a pathway to immigration.III.Education:Global Flows of Capita
23、l and People There are over 150,000 Chinese students studying at Australian schools and universities.IV.Tourism in Australia:Global Flows of Capital,People and CultureTourism is the second major service industry in the Australian export economy.In 2007,it brought approximately 12 billion dollars int
24、o Australia.Visitors from China alone,contributed over$2 billion to this total.Prior to the 2007 global financial downturn,over 10 million overseas tourists visited Australia every year:a figure equal to nearly half of the population of Australia.The major goal of Tourism Australia is to increase in
25、ternational and domestic travelers intention to visit Australia.IV.Tourism in Australia:Global Flows of Capital,People and Culture The most successful tourist marketing campaign,the“Put another Shrimp on the Barbie”campaign.Shrimp on the barbie is an often-quoted phrase that originated in a series o
26、f television advertisements by the Australian Tourism Commission starring Paul Hogan from 1984 through to 1990.IV.Tourism in Australia:Global Flows of Capital,People and CultureFor the majority of overseas visitors,the most popular tourist features include the Great Barrier Reef,Ulura,Kakadu and the
27、 key city attractions and beaches of Sydney,the Gold Coast,and the other metropolitan centres.Ulura,the magnificent megalith set in the vast and beautiful desert centre of Australia.IV.Tourism in Australia:Global Flows of Capital,People and Culture Kakadu National Park,managed by the Aboriginal clan
28、s,covers 19,000 square kilometres comprising rainforest,wetlands with paperbark trees,pandanus,cycads and lotus lilies.The wildlife includes crocodiles,barramundi,and a variety of birds.The area contains 1,000 different plant species,and a quarter of all Australian freshwater fish species.IV.Tourism
29、 in Australia:Global Flows of Capital,People and Culture A number of Aboriginal clans still live within the Park as their people have done for over 40,000 years and tourists can visit,with their guidance,some of the largest concentrations of Aboriginal rock art in the world.V.The Australian Media:Fl
30、ows of Capital,Culture and TechnologyNewspapers or“The Press”Over fifty English language newspapers,and several non-English publications in 20-25 other languages,are published in Australia.The mainstream press comprises one national newspaper,The Australian and State based newspapers,including The S
31、ydney Morning Herald and The Age.These major newspapers are owned by media corporations.There are non-English speaking papers providing information from“home”,such as Arab countries and China,for non-Anglo-Australians:news which is often lacking in the mainstream Australian media.V.The Australian Me
32、dia:Flows of Capital,Culture and TechnologyTV and RadioUnlike the press,the TV and radio programmes are provided by a mixture of government networks,private business companies and by small community groups.The publicly owned channels include SBS which runs news,information and entertainment programm
33、es from a wide range of other countries.However,the programmes with the highest ratings are those owned by the private,profit-oriented media corporations.There are non-news programmes,dramas,comedies or quiz shows coming from the English-speaking countries,USA and Britain.VI.Globalisation and Enviro
34、nmental Risks:Flows of PollutionOver the past few decades globalisation has altered the kinds of hazards that nations face.A major example is the current threat of climate change.Global flows of pollution are created by the overproduction of greenhouse gases.These pollution flows are produced mainly
35、 by the high and medium power nations but affect all nations.Three aspects of climate change are related to Australia:the role that Australia has played in contributing to climate change;the impact of climate change on Australia;and the countrys political and technological attempts to redress the pr
36、oblem.Australias Greenhouse Gas Emissions Australia only accounts for around 1.5%of global greenhouse gas emissions,but its per capita emissions are more than four times the world average.Australias relatively high per capita emissions can be attributed to factors such as the high usage of coal in e
37、lectricity generation,the agricultural emissions from large numbers of sheep and cattle,and by land clearing.VI.Globalisation and Environmental Risks:Flows of PollutionVI.Globalisation and Environmental Risks:Flows of Pollution One of the Australian greenhouse gas emissions is through the forest des
38、truction.Australia has the sixth largest area of forest in the world with 4%of the worlds forests.In 1990,carbon dioxide emissions from forest clearing for agriculture totaled 156 million tonnes,which is some 27.3 5%of Australias net emissions.The rate of clearing then doubled.Land cleared in Austra
39、lia in 1994 was equal to that which was cleared in the previous five years.VI.Globalisation and Environmental Risks:Flows of Pollution Impact of Climate Change on Australia:Droughts,Fires,Cyclones and Floods and Species LossRisks Australia faces from climate change:the intensity of the cycles of dro
40、ughts,fires,cyclones and floods;reduced water supplies to households,reduced river flows affecting the health and breeding patterns of its bird,animal and fish species,and threats to the production of domestic food resources and to the agricultural and manufacturing industries;an increase of the ris
41、k of fiercer and more widespread bushfires threatening both households and farming regions;increased flooding,especially in the tropical northern regions;more loss of Australian species.VI.Globalisation and Environmental Risks:Flows of PollutionTechnological and Political ResponsesThere are several
42、community based programmes focused on saving specific species.The Australian and Tasmanian Governments have introduced alternatives to the use of clear felling in old growth forests.Major political changes in water management are taking place,including“government buy backs”of major sections of its r
43、iver systems,water-recycling and desalination schemes and government support for household rainwater tanks.Alternative forms of renewable energy,wind farms,solar panels,biofuels,geothermal,ocean power and biomass are replacing some of the unsustainable and carbon polluting forms of energy resources.
44、VI.Globalisation and Environmental Risks:Flows of PollutionPolitical IssuesThe public concern about the environment has seen the rise of a new political party,the Australian Green party.In 2008,the Labor government proposed the“Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme(CPRS)Bill”to cap industrys use of coal
45、 and to encourage their use of renewable energies.This proposal was opposed by the major opposition party,the Liberal and National Party,for imposing too many costs on industry.In contrast,the governments proposal was also opposed by the Green Party,which wanted to impose a heavier carbon tax on ind
46、ustry.The Federal and State governments continue to support research and development of sustainable,and less polluting,forms of energy.Questions for DiscussionA.What is globalization?How is the concept generally defined?B.What are the three major stages in Australias relationship with the outside world?C.What are the dangers of building large-scale tourist developments in Australia?What is the concept of“Sustainable Tourism”?D.What image of the world is reflected on Australian TV media?Why?E.What impacts does climate change have on Australia?
