1、第二部分第二部分 语法专题语法专题专题十四专题十四 复合句复合句精讲必备考点精讲必备考点考点考点一一 宾语从句宾语从句考点二考点二 状语从句状语从句考点三考点三 定语从句定语从句考点一 宾语从句宾语从句在主从复合句中起宾语的作用，既可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词、非谓语动词的宾语。.宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词宾语从句的引导词引导词用法例句that本身无义，引导陈述意义的宾语从句。在口语或非正式文体中常省略。She said(that)she would come.她说她会来。引导词用法例句if whether意为“是否”，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。在句中不作句子成分，但不能
2、省略。如果强调“究竟是还是不”，可在句末加or not，此时的宾语从句 的 引 导 词 只 能 用whether。Can you tell me if/whether you can come here tomorrow?你能告诉我你明天能来这里吗？Ill wait to see whether your words are true or not.我会等着看你说的正确与否。w h o，w h o m，w h a t，w h i c h，whose特殊疑问词，引导特殊疑问意义的宾语从句，在从句中可作主语、表语、宾语或定语，不能省略。I dont know who could help me.我
3、不知道谁能帮我。引导词用法例句how，when，where，why连接副词，在宾语从句中作状语，不能省略。Please tell me when you were born.请告诉我你什么时候出生的。.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即主语在前，谓语在后。He said he could drive a car when he was 18.他说他18岁的时候就会开车了。.宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态主句时态从句时态例句一般现在时根据实际需 要的各种时态I remember he gave me a book yesterday.我记得他昨天
4、给了我一本书。一般过去时过去的某种 时态He told me that he would take part in the long jump.他说他将参加跳远。注意：当宾语从句表示客观真理时，无论主句是哪种时态，从句都用一般现在时。Our teacher told us that the earth travels around the sun.老师告诉我们，地球绕着太阳转。.宾语从句的否定转移宾语从句的否定转移当主句的主语是第一人称且谓语动词是think，believe，guess，suppose等时，宾语从句若要表示否定意义，则要通过将从句的否定词转移到主句来实现，即否定主句中的动词。I
5、 dont think he will come tomorrow.我认为他明天不会来。.宾语从句的简化宾语从句的简化宾语从句在一定条件下，可以简化为“特殊疑问词+不定式”或“it+形容词+不定式短语”，甚至名词或名词短语。He didnt know where he could go.=He didnt know where to go.他不知道去哪里。The students found it was difficult to learn English well.=The students found it difficult to learn English well.学生们发现学好英
6、语很难。I dont believe what Tom said.=I dont believe Toms words.我不相信汤姆说的话。.可以跟宾语从句的形容词可以跟宾语从句的形容词某些形容词后面也可以跟宾语从句。这类形容词主要有：sure，certain，glad，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等。Im sure you can learn English well.我确信你可以学好英语。【典例精析】1.I dont know _.Because he has to look after his mother.A.why he is le
7、avingB.why is he leavingC.whether he is leavingD.whether is he leaving解析：宾语从句的语序应用陈述句语序，排除B、D；由答语中的because可知，问句中的宾语从句应由why引导。答案：A。2.What a nice paper fish!Can you show us _ you make it?A.whetherB.howC.whyD.what 解析：根据第二句话的句意可知，句中需要表示“方式”的引导词，只有how符合。3.Could you tell me _?Look!He is playing basketball
8、 over there.A.where Scot isB.what is Scot doingC.how Scot did itD.why Scot is doing it解析：根据答语可知问话人想知道Scot在什么地方。答案：B。答案：A。考点二 状语从句状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导，与主句连接。状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句末时，其前一般不用逗号。从属连词在从句中不担任任何句子成分。状语从句的分类及用法状语从句的分类及用法目的状语从句通常由that，so，so that，in order that等引导，且从句中的谓语一般含
9、有情态动词may，might，can，could，will，would等。Speak clearly so that they may understand you.说清楚点这样他们才能理解你。时间状语从句when/while/as 当的时候when既可引导延续性动作，又可引导非延续性动作。它可表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，也可表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。while引导持续性动作，并且所表示的时间范围较大，指“在某一段时间里”或“在期间”，它强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，并侧重主句和从句动作的对比。When he comes,Ill
10、 tell him about it.他来了我会告诉他（这件事）。When he came back,his mother was reading a newspaper.他回来的时候，他妈妈正在看报纸。As we walked,we talked happily.我们边走边愉快地交谈。My father was reading a newspaper while my mother was cooking.我妈妈做饭的时候，爸爸在看报纸。before 在之前after 在之后通常用来表示动作一前一后发生。Mike had finished his homework before his pa
11、rents came back.迈克在他父母回来前就已经把作业写完了。Tom left after turned off the lights.汤姆关灯以后离开了。since 自从以来从句常用一般过去时，主句常用现在完成时。Jerry has made many friends since he came to China.杰瑞自从来中国以来交了很多朋友。as soon as 一就其引导的时间状语从句不能用任何将来时，只能用一般现在时表将来。I will call you as soon as I get to Guangzhou.我一到广州就给你打电话。till/until 直到若主句中的谓
12、语动词是持续性动作，till或until引导的从句通常用肯定谓语，表示“直到为止”；若主句的谓语动词是非延续性动作，则要用not.until，表示“直到才”My mother waited until I came back.我妈妈一直等到我回来。My mother didnt go to bed until I came back.我妈妈直到我回来才去睡觉。地点状语从句where 的地方wherever 无论哪里They went where they could find work.他们去了他们可以找到工作的地方。Sit wherever you like.随便坐。（想坐哪儿就坐哪儿）原因
13、状语从句because 因为as/for 由于since 既然because语气最强，用来说明别人不知道的原因；回答why提出的问题。如果原因显而易见或已为人知，就用as，for或since。注意：because不能与so连用。He didnt catch the early bus because he got up late.他起晚了，所以没有赶上早班车。As he was in a hurry,he left his bag at home.他太匆忙了，把包落在了家里。Since you cant answer my questions,Ill have to ask someone e
14、lse.你回答不了我的问题，我只好去问其他人。He didnt catch the early bus because he got up late.他起晚了，所以没有赶上早班车。As he was in a hurry,he left his bag at home.他太匆忙了，把包落在了家里。Since you cant answer my questions,Ill have to ask someone else.你回答不了我的问题，我只好去问其他人。比较状语从句than 比as.as 和一样not as/so.as 不如注意：此类从句通常省略与主语相同的成分。Tom is not t
15、aller than his mother.汤姆没有他妈妈高。Tom is(not)as tall as his father.汤姆（不）像他爸爸一样高。结果状语从句if 如果，假如unless 如果不，除非条件状语从句与时间状语从句一样，从句中不能用将来时态，要用一般现在时表将来。If it snows tomorrow,we will build a snowman.如果明天下雪，我们就堆个雪人。We wont go to the party unless we are free.如果我们有空的话就去参加晚会。让步状语从句though/although 虽然，尽管 even if/thou
16、gh 即使 whatever/no matter what 无论什么however/no matter how 无乱怎样whoever/no matter who 无论谁注意：although或though不能与but连用。Although they are poor,they are happy.尽管他们很穷，但他们很开心。We wont give up even if we should fail ten times.我们不会放弃，即使我们失败十次。Whatever you say,I believe you.不管你说什么，我都相信你。注意：在时间、条件、方式等状语从句中，它们的谓语动词常
17、用一般现在时表一般将来时；一般过去时表过去将来时。If you go to the party,you will have a great time.如果你去参加这个聚会，你会玩得开心。The teacher saidif it didnt rain tomorrow,we would go for a picnic.老师说如果明天不下雨的话，我们就去野餐。【典例精析】1._ I got back,I found my mother cooking for me.A.WhenB.BeforeC.SinceD.Although解析：when当的时候，引导时间状语从句；before在之前，引导时间
18、状语从句；since自从，由于，引导时间或原因状语从句；although虽然，引导让步状语从句。根据句意可知，用when引导时间状语从句最符合语境和逻辑“我到家的时候，发现妈妈正在为我做饭。”答案：A。2.If our government _ pay attention to the safety of food,our health _ in danger.A.isnt;isB.doesnt;will beC.wont;isD.isnt;will be解析：if 引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时，排除A、C；pay是实义动词，用doesnt否定。答案：B。考点三 定语
19、从句定语从句在主从复合句中起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。定语从句主要由关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that和关系副词when，where，why引导。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，又在定语从句中担任某种成分。.关系代词关系代词关系代词的用法关系代词的用法关系代词及其用法先行词例句who在定语从句中作主语或宾语。人The tall boy who is standing over there is my brother.站在那边的那个高个子男生是我哥哥。whom在定语从句
20、中作宾语，在非正式文体、口语中可省略。人The man who/whom you met just now is my father.你刚才看见的那个人是我爸爸。关系代词及其用法先行词例句whose在定语从句中作定语，其先行词为物时，可以与of which互换。人、物The boy whose mother is a nurse studies hard.那个妈妈是护士的男孩学习很刻苦。The room whose window is open is mine.那个窗户开着的房间是我的。that在定语从句中作主语或宾语。其先行词为物时的用法与which的用法基本相同；作宾语时可省略。人、物Wh
21、o is the man that is speaking at the meeting?在会议上讲话的那个人是谁？关系代词及其用法先行词例句which在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。物The assistant showed me the book(which)I wanted to buy.售货员把我想要的书拿给了我。注意：1.当先行词为one，those，anyone等表示人时，关系代词要用who，不能用that。Is there anyone who can answer this question?有人能回答这个问题吗？2.只可用that引导的定语从句当先行词为ever
22、ything，nothing，something，anything等不定代词时。We should do everything that is useful to the people.我们应该做一切对人们有用的事情。当先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much等修饰时。You can take any seat that is free.你可以坐任何一个空着的座位。当先行词被the only，the very，the right等词修饰时。He is the very man that Im looking for.他就是我要找的那个人。当先行词被形容词最高级
23、修饰时。This is the best novel that I have read.这是我看过的最好的一部小说。当先行词被序数词修饰时。The first thing that we should do is to get some food.我们首先要做的是找点儿吃的。当先行词中同时含有人和物时。We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论着感兴趣的人和物。当主句是以疑问词who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Who is the boy that is playing basketball?
24、那个正在打篮球的男孩是谁？3.只可用which引导的定语从句关系代词前使用介词时。This is the train by which we went to Shenzhen.这就是我们去深圳时坐火车。在非限制性定语从句（通常用逗号将从句与主句隔开，若去掉从句，整个句子的意思仍然完整）中。Football,which is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.足球，这项非常有趣的运动，全世界都在玩。.关系副词关系副词关系副词的用法关系副词的用法关系副词及其用法 先行词例句when在定语从句中作状语。时间I still rem
25、ember the day when I first came to the school.我仍然记得我第一次来这所学校的那一天。where在定语从句中作状语。地点The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前住的那座房子被推倒了。why在定语从句中作状语。原因I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.我不知道他今天不高兴的原因。注意：1.when，where，why引导的定语从句通常可与“介词+which”引导的定语从句互换。Zhongshan is th
26、e place where/in which I was born.中山则我出生的地方。2.当先行词表示时间、地点或原因，但关系副词在从句中作主语或宾语而不是状语时，不可用when，where或why引导定语从句，而应用that或which。Ill never forget the day that/which we spent together.我永远也不会忘记我们一起度过的那一天。Beijing is a city that/which has a long history.北京是一座有着悠久历史的城市。【典例精析】1.A Wechat is an invention _ can help
27、 people talk to friends,share photos,ideas and feelings freely.A.whichB.whoC.whoseD./解析：先行词是物，关系代词用which或that。2.The Palace Museum is the best place _ Ive ever visited.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what解析：先行词place在定语从句中作宾语，所以应选关系代词，又先行词被形容词最高级the best修饰，只能用关系代词that。答案：A。答案：A。3.She is the girl _ invention got the first prize in the school competition.A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose解析：先行词the girl和从句中的invention存在所属关系，即先行词在从句中作定语，只有whose符合。4.Linda,can you tell me something about Mo Yan?Sure.He is the writer _ won the Nobel Literature Prize.A.whichB.whoseC.whoD.whom解析：先行词为人，且先行词在从句中作主语，只有who符合。答案：D。答案：C。
