1、Using language Ellipsis省略省略 省略是一种避免重复、保持句子简洁的语法现象。凡是缺少一省略是一种避免重复、保持句子简洁的语法现象。凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分个或一个以上的必要语言成分,在一定语境中能够独立存在在一定语境中能够独立存在,意义意义明确明确,并且能发挥交际功能的句子就是省略句。并且能发挥交际功能的句子就是省略句。一般说来一般说来,只要不破坏语法结构或者引起歧义只要不破坏语法结构或者引起歧义,能省略的就应能省略的就应省略。省略不仅使句子结构显得紧凑省略。省略不仅使句子结构显得紧凑,而且也是分句和分句之间的而且也是分句和分句之间的承接纽带。承接纽带。省略
2、的用法省略的用法1.并列句中的省略并列句中的省略 一般说来一般说来,在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都可省略。常都可省略。I came at eight but Henry(came)at nine.2.2.复合句中的省略复合句中的省略(1)(1)定语从句定语从句如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,这个关系代词可以这个关系代词可以省略。省略。Hes the man(who/that)you can safely depend on.(2)(2)状语从句状语从句 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,
3、且状语从句中且状语从句中含有含有bebe动词时动词时,省略状语从句中的主语和省略状语从句中的主语和bebe动词。动词。When(the novel is)published,the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.Although(he was)hard-working,he couldnt earn enough to support himself.(3)(3)宾语从句宾语从句 引导宾语从句的引导宾语从句的thatthat一般情况下一般情况下,可以省略。可以省略。thatthat后面后面的宾语从句较长或其他一些特殊
4、情况下的宾语从句较长或其他一些特殊情况下,that,that不能省略。不能省略。I hope(that)youll be fine soon.(4)4)主句省略主句省略 有时整个主句都可省略有时整个主句都可省略,只剩下一个从句。这种省只剩下一个从句。这种省略现象通常出现在简短答语中。略现象通常出现在简短答语中。You all like the story?Yes,except that the conclusion is too hasty.3.3.虚拟语气中的省略虚拟语气中的省略(1)(1)虚拟条件句常省略虚拟条件句常省略if,if,而将而将were,had,should提前构成提前构成部分
5、倒装。部分倒装。Had you come here yesterday,you would have met her.(2)2)在在 一坚持一坚持(insist),),二命令二命令(order,command),),三建议三建议(suggest,propose,advise),vise),四要求四要求(demand,require,request,ask)等后的宾语从句中等后的宾语从句中,含这些词的派生词的其他主语从句、同位含这些词的派生词的其他主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句语从句、表语从句,以及以及It is strange/natural/necessary/important that.
6、从句中常从句中常省略省略should。We insisted that they(should)go with us.It is suggested that we(should)go to see the film.4.4.动词不定式的省略动词不定式的省略(1)(1)有些动词有些动词(词组词组),),如如want,wish,expect,hope,would like,try,forget等后面的不定式作宾语时等后面的不定式作宾语时,为了避免重复为了避免重复,可以省略动词只保可以省略动词只保留到留到to,to,但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有系动词但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有系动词bebe和
7、助动词和助动词have,have,这些动词就要保留。这些动词就要保留。The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him not to.He is not the man he used to be.(2)(2)两个或两个以上的不定式并列时两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,第一个带第一个带to,to,后面可以省去后面可以省去to;to;但如果两个不定式表示对比关系时但如果两个不定式表示对比关系时,则则toto不可省略。不可省略。His wish is to earn a lot of money and(
8、to)buy his mother a big house.His dream is to be successful but not just to make money.(3)(3)感官动词感官动词(词组词组)see,look at,hear,listen to,notice,watch等和使役动词等和使役动词make,let,have等的后面作宾语补足语的等的后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省略不定式要省略to;to;但此类动词的被动语态中的但此类动词的被动语态中的toto不可省略。不可省略。I saw him enter the room just now.I didnt know who
9、made him cry.He was seen to cry in the street.(4)(4)在某些句式中在某些句式中,如介词如介词butbut前有动词前有动词dodo的任何形的任何形式式,后面的不定式要省略后面的不定式要省略toto。I can do nothing but wait.5.5.介词的省略介词的省略(1)(1)在英语中一些与动词、名词、形容词搭配的介词常被在英语中一些与动词、名词、形容词搭配的介词常被省略省略,而只保留后面的动名词。而只保留后面的动名词。spend time/money(in)doing sth.;have difficulty/trouble(in)
10、doing sth.;prevent/stop sb.(from)doing sth.。I have some trouble(in)learning English.(2)(2)表示时间的介词表示时间的介词at,onat,on和和inin在在next,last,this,each,these,yesterday,every,tomorrow等词之前等词之前,一般可省略。一般可省略。We have a final exam every term.6.6.替代性省略替代性省略英语中英语中,可以使用可以使用so,notso,not或其他手段来省略上文或问句中的或其他手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或
11、整个句子。一部分或整个句子。Can I put my bike here?Youd better not.【即学活用】【即学活用】把下面句子变为省略句把下面句子变为省略句(1)It is a beautiful day,isnt it?_,isnt it?(2)She was poor but she was honest.She was poor but _.Beautiful day honest(3)What do you think made Mary so upset?Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.What do you thin
12、k made Mary so upset?_.(4)When they are seen from the plane,the houses look like tiny toys._,the houses look like tiny toys.Losing her new bicycleSeen from the plane(5)Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?I was going to come yesterday,but I had an unexpected visitor.Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?
13、I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.(6)The man that/who/whom you visited last night is my grandpa.The man _last night is my grandpa.was going to you visited(7)If I were a teacher,I would be strict with my students._,I would be strict with my students.(8)My parents encouraged me to go to college,but
14、I didnt want to go to college.My parents encouraged me to go to college,but I _.Were I a teacher didnt want to(9)Do you think he is a good student?I dont think he is a good student.Do you think he is a good student?I _.(10)She was heard to sing last night.I _last night.I think not heard her singLook
15、 at the sentences and compare them1.What has been left out in sentences(a)and(b)?Sentence(a)leaves out“lines”.Sentence(b)leaves out“it is”.1.Why does the author leave them out?To avoid repeating the word or expression that is too obvious and make the sentences more concise.Find out what words have b
16、een removed before or after the underlined words.its ways(to forecast the weather)dry period(thats on the way)more loudly(than usual)(look)for birdswhen and where(something bad is going to happen)The 8.1 magnitude earthquake that hit Nepal on 25 April 2015,was one of the worst earthquakes in history
17、.On hearing the news,China was quick to start organising emergency aid.Remove words from the news report to make it more concise International rescue teams soon began to arrive in the country.Amongst all the international heavy rescue teams,the China International Search and Rescue Team(CISAR)was th
18、e first international heavy rescue team to arrive.Consisting of 62 people,it not only included rescuers and medical staff,but also included earthquake experts.By early May,emergency aid worth 9.7 million US dollars had been donated by China,with a further round of emergency aid to follow.1.Which one
19、 do you think is the most dangerous?2.Can you name some big natural disasters in history?Complete the reports typhoon wildfireavalanchesearthquaketsunamiblizzarddroughtSummarize the words describing natural disastersExtreme weather conditionsWhat do you know about weather forecasting?Listen&Match We
20、ather forecastingwarm clothes-15fry meat on the roadget medical attentionhurricanesafe indoors13through floodwaters25wildfires Work in pairs.Act out the conversation to talk about an extreme weather condition.Student A:You from a TV report that Student Bs city has been suffering from rainstorms and
21、floods.Call Student B to check if he/she is safe and ask about the weather.Information youd like to know:how long the rainstorms have lasted the effect of the rainstorms on his/her city how to cope during rainstorms and floods what you can do to help how the weather has changed over recent years.Use
22、ful expressionsI m calling to check thatHow long havelasted?What s the effect of?How do you cope with?Is there anything I can do to?How has the weather changed?Student B:Your city has been suffering from rainstorms and floods.Student A calls you to check you are safe and ask about the weather.Give h
23、im/her the information.Duration:about five daysEffect:no electricity,shortage of food and drinking water;damage to propertyPoints for attention:stay away from fallen power lines,particularly in near water;move to higher ground,away from the flow of waterThings to help:make a donation;volunteer to help people in need;share knowledge on how to prevent diseaseChanges to the weather:more frequent extreme weather conditions;more severe rainstorms and floods Useful expressionsThank you for The most serious effect is Be sure to I d really appreciate it if you wouldThere have been moreThank you!
