1、语态语态(voice)是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形是个语法范畴，它是一种动词形式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之式，表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者时，动词用主动语态（时，动词用主动语态（Active Voice）；如果）；如果主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态主语是动作的承受者，动词便用被动语态（Passive Voice）。）。We cleaned the classroom yesterday.昨天我们打扫了教室。昨天我们打扫了教室。The classroom was cleaned by us
2、yesterday.昨天教室被我们打扫了。昨天教室被我们打扫了。动词的被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。当主动句变为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词by 的宾语。主动句与被动句的结构虽然不同，但动作的执行者和承受者的关系并没有改变。一般现在时：一般现在时：am/is/are doneam/is/are done一般过去时：一般过去时：was/were donewas/were done现在进行时：现在进行时：am/is/are being doneam/is/are being done过去进行时：过去进行时：was/were being donewas/w
3、ere being done现在完成时：现在完成时：have/has been donehave/has been done过去完成时：过去完成时：had been donehad been done一般将来时：一般将来时：shall/will be done;be going shall/will be done;be going to be doneto be done当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为当句中含有情态动词时，句子结构为 can/must can/must/have tobe done/have tobe doneHe is regarded as a brilliant.他被
4、认为很有才气。他被认为很有才气。This book was written in 1969.这本书是这本书是1969年写成的。年写成的。The broken bike is being repaired now.那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。那辆坏了的自行车正在被修理。He told us the cat was being washed when we called him.他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。他告诉我们打电话时他正在给猫洗澡。The pen has been used for several years.这支钢笔已经用了几年。这支钢笔已经用了几年。He said the fac
5、tory had been opened.他说这家工厂已经开张。他说这家工厂已经开张。The work will be finished in three hours.工作将于三小时后完成。工作将于三小时后完成。The baby must be looked after well.这孩子必须被好好照顾。这孩子必须被好好照顾。在被动句中有时用在被动句中有时用by-词组，有时不用。一般词组，有时不用。一般来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重来说，当动作的执行者为谁不甚清楚，不甚重要或难以说出时，通常不用要或难以说出时，通常不用by。但有时为了强。但有时为了强调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需
6、要则调动作执行者或者由于上下和结构上的需要则必须使用必须使用 by 词组。例如：词组。例如：Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.哈姆雷特哈姆雷特是莎士比亚写的。是莎士比亚写的。（1）My aunt invited me to her dinner party.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 I was invited (by my aunt)to her dinner party.主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语（2）The school set up a special class to help poor readers.A special class to he
7、lp poor readers was set up in the school.1.1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.(正确正确)A new computer have been bought.(错误错误)2.2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中
8、的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接宾语如果把直接宾语(指物指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人指人)前加适前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was given to me yesterday.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：如：bri
9、ng,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell 等。等。The cup with mixture was showed to the class.My bike was lent to her.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for,如：如：buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,fix,get,make,order,等。等。Mother made me a new skirt.(A new skirt was made for me.)The meat
10、 was cooked for us.Some country music was played for us.People believe that he is an honest boy.大家认为他大家认为他是个诚实的孩子。是个诚实的孩子。It is believed that he is an honest boy.The boy is believed to be an honest one.2)把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。1)用先行的用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从
11、句变成后置的作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；主语从句；3.3.当主动句的宾语是当主动句的宾语是thatthat引导的宾语从引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式的被动句句，可转换为两种形式的被动句4.4.含有介词动词的主动句的转换。含有介词动词的主动句的转换。They have never listened to him.人家从不听人家从不听他的话。他的话。He has never been listened to.5、My parents made me water all these young trees（变被动）（变被动）I was made to water all these
12、young trees by my parents（加上了（加上了to）这种主动句中用省这种主动句中用省to的不定式作宾补，变被动的不定式作宾补，变被动时定要加上时定要加上to。这种谓语动词有。这种谓语动词有feel，hear，listen to，let，make，have，see，notice，look at，watch（即常言道（即常言道“一感二听三让四一感二听三让四看见看见”）。）。6.还有一种短语动词由还有一种短语动词由构成，变被构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：动语态有两种形式，如下：1)We take good care of the books.2)You must pay at
13、tention to your pronunciation.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of,make use of,pay attention to,set fire to,take care of,take hold of,take notice of,keep an eye on 等。等。（三）有些情况下动词的主动形三）有些情况下动词的主动形式也可以表示被动意义。式也可以表示被动意义。1.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性
14、能，是不及物动词，用主动表副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook 等。如：等。如：The cloth washes easily.这布很好洗。这布很好洗。The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。这新产品很畅销。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。这支笔写字很流畅。对比：对比：The books sell well.(主动句主动句)The books were sold out.(被动
15、句被动句)The meat didnt cook well.(主动句主动句)The meat was cooked for a long time.(被动句被动句)2、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：、表示主语状态特征的连系动词：look,feel,smell,taste,sound,prove,appear等。等。例如：例如：Do you like the material?Yes,it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is feltCYour idea sounds reasonable.What he said proved to be c
16、orrect.3 3、动名词主动形式表示被动意义、动名词主动形式表示被动意义 1）.在在need,require,want(需要需要)等动词等动词后，表示某物后，表示某物(人人)要进行要进行处理时，后接处理时，后接动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意动名词一般式的主动形式作宾语表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：义，相当于不定式的被动式。例如：Youve come just in time to help us.Fine,what requires doing?(=Fine,what requires to be done?)This sentence needs _.A.an imp
17、rovement B.improve C.improving D.improvedC2.be worth 后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。His suggestion is not worth considering.4、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义、动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义 1.不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。例如：辑上的主谓关系时。例如：The next train to arrive was from New York.2.作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词
18、有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间有逻辑上的动宾关系，且句子的主语或间接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。接宾语与该不定式有逻辑上的主谓关系时。Please give me something to eat.I have a lot of work to do today.(间接宾语间接宾语meme是是to eatto eat的逻辑主语的逻辑主语)(主语主语I I是是to doto do的逻辑主语的逻辑主语)区别：I have some clothes to wash I have some clothes to be washed3.用在作表语或宾语补足语的形容词后面的用在作表语或宾语补
19、足语的形容词后面的不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系不定式，如果与句子的主语或宾语有动宾关系时，一般用主动形式。例如：时，一般用主动形式。例如：His speech in English was difficult to follow.Do you think him easy to get along with?(状语状语to followto follow与主语有动宾关系与主语有动宾关系)(不定式与宾语有动宾关系不定式与宾语有动宾关系)5，一些动词短语没有被动语态，如：，一些动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place,break out,belong to,lose heart,
20、consist of,add up to，come true，,date back to，turn out，run out等。等。如：如：The fire broke out in the capital building.误：误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.6，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。等。When we got to the top of the mountain,the sun had already risen.误：误：The
21、 sun had already been risen.After the earthquake,few houses remained.误：误：After the earthquake,few houses were remained.7，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，不，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：能变为被动句子的主语，如：I taught myself English.误：误：Myself was taught English.We love each other.误：误：Each other is loved.1.People use knives for cut
22、ting things.Knives _ _ for cutting things.2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.The windows of their classroom_ _ twice a month.are usedarecleaned(变被动语态）变被动语态）3.I found the ticket on the floor._ _ _ _ on the floor.4.I told her to return the book in time.She _ _ to return
23、the book in time.The ticket was found was told5.His doctor made him have only two meals a day.He _ _ _ _ only two meals a day.6.Now people can use computers to help them.Now computers _ _ _ to help them.was made to have can be used7.Did you plant many trees at this time last year?_ _ _ _ at this tim
24、e last time?8.Must we finish our work today?_ our work_ _ today?Were many trees plantedMust be finished9.The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.1)_ _ _ some wonderful stamps.2)Some wonderful stamps _ _ _ _.we were given were given to us10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.Tom
25、_ _ to turn on the computer.11.In this factory women do most of the work.Most of the work _ _ by women in this factory.was asked is done12.He can mend the bike in two days.The bike _ _ _ in two days.13.You must take this medicine three times a day.This medicine _ _ _ three times a day.can be mended
26、must be taken14.The students in this school study German.German _ _ by the students in this school.15.Do they often talk about this question?_ this question often _ about _ _?is studiedIs talked by them16.Someone must help me move away the heavy bag.I must _ _ to move away this heavy bag.17.Was the
27、window broken by Tom?（变为主动语态）（变为主动语态）_ Tom_ the window?be helpedDid break18.The tractor wasnt driven out of the road.He_ _ the tractor out of the road.19.Doesnt Bob clean the street every day?_ the street _ by Bob every day?didnt driveIsnt cleaned20.What can they do to finish the work on time?_ _ _
28、_ by them to finish the work?What can be done区别：Half of the guests _(invite)to the conference were foreigners.Half of the guests _(invite)to the conference1.He was surprised to his room thoroughly _.(clean)find2.the test _(finish),we began to analyze the result.With3.The topics _(discuss)at yesterda
29、ys meeting I.用括号内单词或短语的正确形式填空。用括号内单词或短语的正确形式填空。1.This mountainous area in my hometown _(name)a national wildlife reserve several years ago.2.The meat didnt taste very good.It _(cook)too long.3.He will stop showing off,if no notice _ (take)of him.4.In some of the museums,visitors _ (request)not to ta
30、ke photos there.was named had been cookedis takenare requested5.Youve failed to do what you _ (expect)to again and Im afraid your mother will blame you.6.By the time you graduate from college,great changes _(take place)in your hometown.7.The dumplings were so delicious that they _(sell)in no time.8.
31、All the drivers _(make)to drive more carefully after the new Highway Code takes effect.were expected were expected will have taken placewere sold will be made9.All the preparations for the trip to Beijing _(complete),and were ready to start off.10.A boy on a bike _(catch)my attention.He was riding b
32、eside the bus and waving his arms.(2014年新课标全国卷年新课标全国卷II第第 二部分二部分)have been completedcaughtDrills：A:1.It suddenly snowed while Mary _for the bus.A.waited B.waits C.was waiting D.was waited2.A big power station()_in my home town now.A.has been built B.is being built C.has built D.is building.3.Stamps_
33、by people for sending letters.A.use B.using C.used D.are used.4.Must old people_to politely?A.speak B.spoken C.be spoke D.be spokenCBDD5.Bike mustnt_everywhere.A.be up B.be put C.put C.putting6.The woman fell off the bike and _on the road.A.lay B.was lain C.lied D.has lain7.The old man and the child
34、ren_in our country.A.must take good care B.must be take good care ofC.must take good care of Dmust be taken good care of 8.Granny Wang told the little children that the sun_From the east.A.has risenB.rise C.rises D.is risen BADC9.All trees must_well when it is dry.A.be water B.watering C.water D.be
35、watered10._I think the shop_._No,its open.It_at six.closed Asked Bwill be asked C.closed;closesD.closes;is 11.This bike is made in America.Its_for travelling.A.use B.using C.to use D.usedDDDIII.用括号内动词的正确时态填空。用括号内动词的正确时态填空。John has always travelled a lot.In fact,when he was only two years old he firs
36、t 1._(fly)to the US.His mother is Italian and his father is American.John was born in France,but his parents 2._(meet)in Cologne,Germany after they had been living there for five years.They met one day while Johns father 3._(read)a book in the library and his mother 4._(sit)down beside him.Anyway,Jo
37、hn 5._(travel)a lot because his parents also travel a lot.flewhad metwas readingsattravelsAs a matter of fact,John 6._(visit)his parents in France at the moment.He lives in New York now,but 7._(stay)with his parents for the past few weeks.He really enjoys living in New York,but he also loves coming
38、to visit his parents at least once a year.This year he 8._(fly)over 50,000 miles for his job.He has been working for Jackson&Co.for almost two years now.Hes pretty sure that he 9._(work)for them next year as well.is visitinghas been staying has flown will be working His job requires a lot of travel.
39、In fact,by the end of this year,he 10._(travel)over 120,000 miles!His next journey 11._(be)to Australia.He really doesnt like going to Australia because it is so far.This time he 12._(fly)from Paris after a meeting with the companys French partner.He 13._(sit)for over 18 hours by the time he arrives
40、!will have travelledwill be/is going to be is going to flywill have been sitting John 14._(talk)with his parents earlier this evening when his girlfriend from New York telephoned to let him know that Jackson&Co.15._(decide)to merge(合并合并)with a company in Australia.The two companies 16._(negotiate)fo
41、r the past month,so it really wasnt much of a surprise.Of course,this 17._(mean)that John will have to catch the next plane back to New York.Hell be meeting with his boss at this time tomorrow.was talkinghad decidedhad been negotiating （谈判）（谈判）means 1.The key _for locking the classroom door.A.uses B
42、.is used C.is using D.use 2.A new school _over there in two years.A.may built B.may be built C.is built 3.He was made _yesterday.A.cry B.to cry C.crying D.to be cried4.The PRC_on October 1,1949.A.was found B.is found C.was founded D.is founded 5.A talk on Chinese history_in the school hall next week
43、.A.is given B.has been given C.will be given D.will giveBBBCCExercises:一.选择填空:Windows_ of glass.be made B.is made C.are made D.been made2.The house_ in 2004.is built B.is building C.was built D.used3.A coat can_ for keeping warm.be used B.is used C.been used D.usedCCA 4.Watches_ Shanghai last long.A.are made in B.is made C.are made from D.made 5.This desk is made _ wood.A.of B.from C.in D.by 6.The things on show were _ the old days.A.used B.used to C.used for D.used in 7.Silk _ in Suzhou and Hangzhou.A.is produced B.are produced C.produced D.is produces AADA
