1、 Parent-Child Relations and Education Dr.Bo(Pearl)Wu,Home EconomicsParent-Child Relations in Late Adolescence&Emerging Adulthood 青春期晚期和成年初显期Dr.HUI Harry Chi-chiuAssociate Professorhttp:/www.psychology.hku.hk/index.php?id=1271 The relationship between individualism-collectivism and satisfaction at th
2、e workplace.Applied Psychology:An International Review,44,276-282.(Abstract)The shortened Individualism-Collectivism Scale:Its relationship to demographic and work-related variables.Journal of Research in Personality,28,409-424.Late adolescence:17 to 24 yrs old(roughly)青春晚期 17岁到24岁 Emerging adulthoo
3、d:18 to 25 29 yrs old 成年初显期 18到25或者29岁 From societys perspective,what does it mean to become an adult?从社会的视角看，成年意味着什么？从社会的视角看，成年意味着什么？From your perspective,what does it mean to become an adult?从你的视角看，成年意味着什么？从你的视角看，成年意味着什么？Do you think yourself an adult OR not?你认为自己是成年人了吗？Arnett,J.(2001).Conceptions
4、 of the transition to adulthood:Perspectives from adolescence through midlife.Journal of Adult Development,8,133-143Have you reached adulthood Yes No Yes/No 成年人？Adolescents(average age 16)19%33%48%青少年Emerging adults(average age 24)46%4%50%成年初显期Young-mid adults(average age 42)86%2%12%成年人Arnetts(2001)
5、:Adulthood criteria in the US Accepts responsibility for consequences of ones action 为自己行为的后果负责 Decides ones own beliefs/values independent of others 独自决定自己的价值观 Establishes relationship with parents as equals 与父母建立平等的关系 Financially independent of parents 经济独立Summary of findings(Arnett,2001):Psycholo
6、gical characteristics responsibility and independency(financial)责任感与独立性 Self-control and self-regulation no drunk driving,using contraceptives,no shoplifting 自我克制与自我管理 Capacity of protecting a family and managing a household 保护与管理家庭 Role markers(marriage,having a child,or buying a home)are NOT frequ
7、ently mentioned 但是，结婚，生子，买房，很少被认为是成年标准。What is emerging adulthood?什么是成年初显期？Dr.Jeffrey Arnett http:/ Jensen Arnett,Ph.D.Department of PsychologyClark University950 Main StWorcester,MA 01610(office)508-799- Arnett.J.(2000).Emerging adulthood:A theory of development from late teens through the twenties
8、.American Psychologist,55.469-480.Emerging Adulthood is one life period which is characterized by an ongoing exploration of and experimentation with possible life directions among young people.年轻人对自己可能的生活方向，这样一个持续的探索和试验的生活阶段。Emerging adulthood may last from age of 18 to mid-to-late twenties in the W
9、estern societies.西方社会中，成年初显期是18岁到25岁或29岁。Arnett,J.&and Tanner,J.(Eds.)(2006).Emerging adults in America:coming of age in the 21st century.Washington,DC:American Psychological Association Characteristics of emerging adulthood:Exploration,of the long-term relationship and career 探索 Instability,of rela
10、tionships,employment,education status,and residence 不稳定 Self-focus,with more independent decisions on career,relationship,education,and worldviews and less social control through legal,parental,and school supervision;自己关注 Feeling in-between,with ambiguous feeling of adult status(neither adolescent n
11、or adult)夹层感 Feeling full of possibilities,in terms of chances to make dramatic life changes and having an optimistic view toward life.充满各种可能http:/ Ethnic emerging adults African Americans 非洲裔美国人 Latinos 拉丁美洲裔美国人 Asian Americans 亚裔美国人They combine the individualistic views(independence)with a great e
12、mphasis on obligation towards others(interdependence)drawn from values of their own subculturesEmerging adults in religious groups宗教信仰 The members of religious groups in the Western societies may have beliefs and practices which lead to a shorten period of emerging adulthood.Such as Mormons.Under gl
13、obalization,emerging adulthood might extend to wealthier areas in developing counties(Arnett,2000)随着全球化，成年初显期可以在发展中国家的发达地区出现(Arnett,2000)Emerging adulthood in ChinaChina:Are you an adult?(Nelson,Badger,&Wu,2004)In 2001,a survey of 207 college students in Beijing(18-23 yrs)35%“not sure”(66%)59%“yes”(
14、28%)6%“no”(6%)In 2008 survey on 590 college students(19-23 yrs)more than 50%“not sure”fewer“yes”fewer“no”China:(Nelson,Badger,&Wu,2004)Adulthood criteria for Chinese college students Accept responsibility for the consequences of your actions 为自己行为的后果负责 Have good control of your emotions 控制情感 Financi
15、ally independent from parents 经济独立 Become less self-oriented,develop greater consideration for others 更多的考虑别人China:(Nelson,Badger,&Wu,2004)Chinese young people emphasis both independency and interdependency as adulthood criteria 中国年轻人的成年标准，同时强调独立性与相互依赖性College students who define adulthood as“self-g
16、overnance”are likely to have high self-esteem.强调自我管理的年轻人，有着更高的自尊。American society tends to Expose children the adult world at a younger age than before DELAY full entry into adulthood Create an extended period that is neither adolescence nor adulthood when individuals are relatively independent from
17、 their parents but are not yet committed spouses or partners,and they often continue high education and preparing for their careers.The path to adulthood may vary considerably.Family economic resource is one factor.For lower-resource families:对于资源少的家庭来说，Adolescents may enter adulthood earlier throug
18、h taking on either(or both)of two roles:by taking on the role of parent.Grandparents may continue to provide resources(living space,child care,etc.)and maintain a tight-knit relationship with their child and grandchild.by taking on the role of worker and contributing to the family finance.For higher
19、-resource families:对于资源多的家庭来说，The path to adulthood is more gradual:going away to school,being semi-independent while still receiving some assistance from parents.Many children“expect”that their parents will provide them with support for their growth and development.许多这个年龄段的孩子，依然期待父母可以支持他们的成长 Goldsc
20、heider et.Al(2001)found that young males tend to expect to be receiving more support than do young female,and they expect to receive more support than their mothers are expecting to give.年轻男性比女性更期待来自父母的支持，而且他们的期待比母亲打算给他们的要多。Support from parents can be:父母的支持包括 Informational(advices,resources,guidance
21、 to help you make decisions)信息类（建议，资源，帮助做决定）Instrumental(help with tasks like child care,finance)实质的帮助，比如钱，或者帮忙照看 孩子 Emotional(making you feel cared for,valued,encouraged,understood,and validated as a person)情感支持（让你感到温暖，鼓励，理解和有价值）Parents dont stop parenting when children reach 18 父母没有在孩子18岁后停止养育 Acc
22、ording to Bowlbys attachment model,attachment to ones children is reflected in caregiving:availability,acceptance,communication,and emotional closeness In adulthood,the attachment remains with the main difference in terms of the relationship being more reciprocal than it was in childhood.Eriksons li
23、fespan theory suggests that parents will wish to nurture adult children across the years of adulthood,not only in childhood.Stage 7:Generativity vs Stagnation(40 To 65 years old)What kinds of conflicts might keep parent-child relationship from being CLOSE during emerging adulthood?Solutions:Each fam
24、ily has to negotiate acceptable solutions on who and how to support children at this age period.每个家庭要寻找自己的方式，如何和怎样支持这一年龄段的孩子。Some strategies for promoting closeness that people want with their families:促进家庭成员亲密感的方式 Communication skills,沟通技巧 Focusing on others interests and needs,关注他人的需要和利益 Taking ac
25、tion to achieve the goals of closeness,and not waiting for others to change or reciprocate the changes.采取行动促成亲密感，而不是等待对方改变。OConnor,Allen,Bell&Hauser(1996)“How Leaving Home Influences Relations with Parents”Two attributes which are not opposites:Autonomy 自立 Relatedness 亲密Most young adults have some c
26、ontact with both parents often phone contact.Adolescents with low autonomous-relatedness tended have a lot of contact with parents later on perhaps it is a strategy for managing stress associated with separation.The young adults with a lot of contact with parents tend also to be most satisfied with their relationship.Parental divorce is associated with less satisfaction in the relationship between the young adult and both parents.
