1、 Translation 反译法有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语需要从反面来表达才更符合我们的习惯。否定译成肯定英语中双重否定如果译成汉语双重否定就会不通顺，在这种情况下，我们需要将它译成肯定句。例1：He never visited us but he brought us some gifts.他每次来拜访我们都会带礼物。例2：There is no rule that has no exception.只要有规则，就有例外。例3：Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。肯定译成否定 例1:B
2、icycles offer the perfect eco_friendly method of traveling around the vast and beautiful and flat countryside that surrounds Cambridge.骑自行车在剑桥大学周围的宽广、美丽而又平坦的乡村旅行，是不会对环境造成危害的理想旅游方式。例2:We should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent（污水）.参考译文:我们不应当再把海洋当成人类生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了。被动语态
3、1.被动仍翻成被动：常用“被”,“给”,“遭”,“挨”,“为所”,“使”,“由”,“受到”等表示。例如:例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature,not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。例2.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors,including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pu
4、mped.流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。2.英语被动翻成汉语主动。例1：This city was built many years ago and it is now inhabited by none.这座城市是许多年前建成的，而现在无人居住。3.借助译成是.的，由.的等汉语表语结构。如：例1：The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.这场反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领
5、导的。4.英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”,“经过”,“用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论。例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging,boring holes,artificial explosions,or similar operations which make them availa
6、ble to us.换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。例3.Nuclear powers danger to health,safety,and even life itself can be summed up in one word:radiation.核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词-辐射来概括。5.将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his firs
7、t years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that 大家知道(众所周知)It will be said 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说语序调整 一切译文要为汉语服务，不能出现很别扭的译文，这其中意群句子
8、的顺序非常重要。英汉语序不同主要体现在英语的定语和状语既有前置的也有后置的，而汉语中的定语和大部分状语只能前置。The report suggested the government take the issue of decreasing funds for education seriously.报告建议政府严肃对待教育经费减少的问题。顺序法当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如：But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limite
9、d,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their expectation of life,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质可望存在多少年，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。Computers can work through a series of problem
10、s and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired.计算机能解决很多问题，做出成千上万个符合逻辑的决定，而不感到疲倦。From a long_term perspective，Internet shopping is but a low_level aspect of the Net，and it is not likely to become the most important trend.从长远来看，网上购物仅仅是低层次的网络化，未必会成为最主要的趋向。We are taking steps to preven
11、t stream and air pollution.我们正采取措施防止河流和空气污染。逆序法英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed info
12、rmation about courses and more advice.如果学生能充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，这里就必须为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。因此这个问题显得越来越重要了。Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.每一种生物都有控制自己行为的时钟，科学家们称之为生物钟。The moon is completely empty of water because the force of gravity on the moon is
13、 much less than on the earth.月球的引力比地球的引力小得多，所以月球上根本没有水。That energy and mass are equal and interchangeable is known to every student of science.理科学生人人都懂得能量和质量是相等而且是可以互相转换的 包孕法所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。例如：You are the representative of
14、a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。合译 He was very clean.His mind was open.他为人单纯而坦率。There are men here from all over the countr
15、y.Many of them are from the South.从全国各地来的人中有许多是南方人。分句法有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语转换成句子，分开来叙述。为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语，也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in scie
16、nce and politics,and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea anim
17、als substances that may improve the health of the human race.一小部分富有想像力和敬业精神的科学家正在进行这项研究，他们专门研究从各种海洋动物中提取能增进人类健康的物质。重组法为了使译文流畅且更符合汉语的习惯，在理清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。例如：Decision must be made very rapidly;physical endurance is tested as much as perception,because an enormous amount of
18、time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.因为必须花大量时间以确保关键人物会根据同样的信息和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。综合法在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要综合使用到各种方法。一些英语长句单纯采用一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺
19、忠实的汉语句子。例如：People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。1.The labeling of“womens language”as“powerless language”reflects t
20、he view of womens behavior through the lens of mens.视“女性的语言”为“低微无能者的语言”反映出男性看女性行为的角度。2.This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts,by which womens ways of thinking,uttered in a spirit of rapport,are branded powerless.这种歧义的存在解释了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解为无能
21、的表现。3.Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article.一篇报刊文章里的简评最能清楚地让我们看到这种固有歧义的存在。4.Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs;what remains constant is that the womens style is negatively valuated seen as lower in status than the mens.关于男性或女性谁直接谁间
22、接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的是女性风格总被人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性。1.因为女性常常从亲近和支持的角度思考，所以她们极力保持亲密关系。（in terms of）Since women often think in terms of closeness and support,they struggle to preserve intimacy.2.别让她在你们之间挑拨她就是太忌妒了。（make mischief）Dont let her make mischief between you she is only jealous.3.在美国，性骚扰是一个频繁出现、或许是让你觉得特别的问题，
23、部分原因是由于在你的国家可能没有类似的法律。（strike）Sexual harassment is an issue that frequently arises in the U.S.and that may strike you as peculiar,in part because your country may not have similar laws.4.地方和媒体都大力反对政府修建另一座核电厂的计划。不过政府最终会达到它的目的。（get ones way）There is a considerable measure of opposition both locally and in the media against the governments plan to build another nuclear power plant.But the government will get its way in the end.
