1、Writing an Academic Paper(2)-Introduction,Quoting&ParaphrasingDifferences between an Abstract&an Introductionabstractintroductionlength150-250 words1/10-1/8 of the totalmain purposesummarize the research(esp.the objective and the main findings/conclusion),NOT to introduce the research areaintroduce
2、the research by presenting its context or backgroundComposition of an Introduction from general to specific Literature review or theoretical preliminaries of the research A statement of the problem(s)Aims and objectives of the research Theoretical&practical significance of the researchSwales Moves i
3、n Writing an IntroductionMove 1:Establishing a research territory(确立研究领域)a.by showing that the general research area is important,interesting,problematic or relevant in some way(optional)b.by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area(obligatory)Move 2:Establishing a niche(设置合适
4、的究研地位)by indicating a gap in the previous research,raising a question about it,or extending previous knowledge in some way(obligatory)Move 3:Occupying the niche(占据研究地位)a.by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research(obligatory)b.by announcing principal findings(optional)c.by in
5、dicating the structure of the research paper.(optional)Tips of Writing an Introduction DO Consult the Guide to Authors for word limit“Set the scene”Outline“the problem”and hypotheses Ensure that the literature cited is balanced,up to date and relevant (the more relevant,the more space it deserves an
6、d the later it appears.)Define any non-standard abbreviations and jargon DONT Write an extensive review of the field Cite disproportionately your own work,work of colleagues or work that supports your findings while ignoring contradictory studies or work by competitors Describe methods,results or co
7、nclusions other than to outline what was done and achieved in the final paragraph Overuse terms like“novel”and“for the first time”-Elsevier Author WorkshopSentence Patterns in an Introductionl Recently there has been an growing interest in.l has generated wide interest in.l has been studied extensiv
8、ely in recent years.l Many researches have focused on,as opposed to.l Many scholars have done researches on.l Many investigations have recently turned to.l Although considerable research has been done on,much less is known as to.l A questions remains whether.l However,a key problem in.is.l remains u
9、nexplored.Quotingl put exact word(s)in quotation marksl use ellipsis(省略号)for words left out “In many academic circles in America,literary translation is still considered a secondary activity neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of general interest to the public”(Gentzler 1993:34).l no el
10、lipsis at the beginning&end of each quotationl Quotations should be included in your sentence and fit grammatically into your sentence.INCORRECTEverything we do is an experience of a kind(Kenny 1996:45).CORRECTIt can be argued that everything we do is an experience of a kind(Kenny 1996:45).Paraphras
11、ingl restate others ideas without copying word for wordl more generally used than quoting as it enables you to comment on,evaluate and summarize informationl can be used with quotations(i.e.you can quote within a paraphrase)l should be also referenced(because you are using someone elses ideas or inf
12、ormation)l not enclosed by quotation marks or indentation(缩进)Unacceptable Paraphrasing=Plagiarisml use phrases from the original source without enclosing them in quotation marksl emulate(模仿)sentence structure even when using different wordingl emulate paragraph organization even when using different
13、 wording or sentence structure -Statement on Plagiarism.Department of Biology,Davidson College http:/www.bio.davidson.edu/dept/plagiarism.html Original(Gratz,1982):Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot c
14、hange.Restatement 1:Gratz(1982)showed that bilateral vagotomy resulted in anincrease in tidal volume but a depression in respiratory frequencysuch that total ventilation did not change.This sentence is identical to the original except that theauthor is attributed.It is a word-for word copying,withou
15、t any changes and without quotation marks.-Ronald K.Gratz.Using Others Words and Ideas.Department of Biological Sciences,Michigan Technological Universityhttps:/www.geo.mtu.edu/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdfOriginal(Gratz,1982):Bilateral vagotomy r
16、esulted in an increase in tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot change.Restatement 2:Gratz(1982)showed that bilateral vagotomy produced anincrease in tidal volume and a depression in respiratory frequencyso that total ventilation did not change.Chan
17、ging a few words does not alter the fact that thissentence,especially the sentence structure,is still substantially the same as the original.-Ronald K.Gratz.Using Others Words and Ideas.Department of Biological Sciences,Michigan Technological Universityhttps:/www.geo.mtu.edu/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20
18、Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdfOriginal(Gratz,1982):Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot change.Restatement 3:Gratz(1982)showed that following vagotomy the snakes lungvolume i
19、ncreased but their respiratory rate was lowered.As aresult,their breathing was unchanged.Dropping the adjective bilateral alters the sense of theexperimental technique.Lung volume is not the same astidal volume and breathing is not the same as totalventilation.Paraphrase should not change the meanin
20、g of the source.-Ronald K.Gratz.Using Others Words and Ideas.Department of Biological Sciences,Michigan Technological Universityhttps:/www.geo.mtu.edu/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdfOriginal(Gratz,1982):Bilateral vagotomy resulted in an increase in
21、tidal volume but adepression in respiratory frequency such that total ventilation didnot change.Restatement 4:Gratz(1982)showed that following bilateral vagotomy the snakestidal volume increased but their respiratory frequency waslowered.As a result,their total ventilation was unchanged.Although the
22、 same information is presented,the sentence structure and word order have been substantially altered.-Ronald K.Gratz.Using Others Words and Ideas.Department of Biological Sciences,Michigan Technological Universityhttps:/www.geo.mtu.edu/asmayer/un1001/UN1001%20Fac%20Handbk%202_%20Using%20Others%20Words%20&%20Ideas.pdf 谢谢观赏
