1、Unit4 Words1.:sooner or later;eventually 迟早；最后；终于 not late 及时；不迟She will be back in time to prepare dinner.她来得及回来准备晚饭。她来得及回来准备晚饭。Ill see him in time.总有一天我会遇见他。总有一天我会遇见他。in/out of time:in/not in the correct time 合合/不合节拍不合节拍The audience clapped in time to the music.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。be harmful t
2、o 对对有害有害 do harm to sb.=do sb.harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处伤害某人，对某人有害处 1)Pollution is especially harmful to animals.2)Smoking will do you a lot of harm.It does no harm(for sb.)to doIt does no harn for you to open the window.There is no harm in(sb.s)doing sth.There is no harm in(your)opening the window.2 2.3.mult
3、iply(数目上数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖 1)Our problems have multiplied since last year.2)2 and 5 multiply to make 10.4)The plants here multiply rapidly.3)6 multiplied by 5 is 30.=Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.4.prevent sb from(doing)sth=stop sb from doing sth阻止.做.”在主动语态中from可以省略，被动语态中不行。How to prevent/s
4、top this(from)happening.Its nationals may be prevented/stopped from leaving the country.keep sb from doing sth中的from无论在主动语态中还是在被动语态中都不能省略。“阻止.做.”,如果省略from,意思为让某人一直做某事 He kept me from getting hurt.He kept me doing homework.5.puzzle n.谜；难题 v.（使）迷惑；（使）为难 Its puzzles me.feel/be puzzled about sth.对某事感到迷惑
5、 puzzle over/about sth.对某事苦苦思索 这个字母使我迷惑不解。This letter puzzles me.她对她的未来感到迷惑。She felt puzzled about her future.他昨晚冥思苦想一道数学题。He puzzled over/about a math problem last night.puzzling adj.使迷惑的 puzzled adj.迷惑的；困惑的 6.break out vt.&vi.（战争、打斗等不愉快事件）突然发生，爆发;突然发生，爆发;向外砸开;也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。The war broke out in 1937
6、.A fire break out last night.She broke out,“That is too unfair!”take place 表示“发生、举行、举办”，一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。例如：The Olympic Games of 2008 took place in Beijing.happen 作“发生、碰巧”解，常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”，一般用于偶然或突发性事件。例如：A storm happened across the river in another country.occur 作“发
7、生、想到、突然想起”解，其意义相当于 happen。例如：What has occurred?(=What has happened?)come about 表示“发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句。例如：When Mother woke up,she didnt know what had come about.1.Whats the meaning of the word“Astronomy”?I.Warming upl行星the science of stars;2.Do you know the following terms?star,plane
8、t,the sun/moon/earth,solar system太阳系 3.How many planets are in the solar system?恒星Scientists now think Pluto is too small to be called a planet.4.Do you know the correct order of their distance to the sun?nearest to the sun?farthest to the sun?5.The names of eight planets.Mercury m:kjri Venus Earth
9、Mars Jupiter du:pt Saturn stn Uranus jrns Neptune neptu:n,-tju:n1)水星水星2)金星金星3)地球地球4)火星火星5)木星木星6)土星土星7)天王星天王星8)海王星海王星In this unit,well learn something more scientific.1.Whats the title of the text?2.From the title,we can predict that the text may tell us the origin of life on the earth.Do you know so
10、me stories about it?Pangu separates the sky from the earth.Nvwa made humans.1.When did the“Big Bang”happen?Read the passage quickly and answer the questions.2.What form was the earth after the“Big Bang”?3.What made up the earths atmosphere4.How did water come into being on the earth?5.Whats the sign
11、ificance of the presence of water on the earth?6.What was important to the development of fish?7.What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth?8.Why are mammals different from all life forms in the past?1.When did the“Big Bang”happen?It happened several billion years ago.Scanning Read the pass
12、age quickly and answer the questions.2.What form was the earth after the“Big Bang”?The earth was still just a cloud of dust.3.What made up the earths atmosphere after the earth exploded?Carbon,nitrogen,water vapour and other gases.4.How did water come into being on the earth?As the earth cooled down
13、 after it exploded,water came into being.5.Whats the significance of the presence of water on the earth?It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.6.What was important to the development of fish?oxygen.7.What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth?The d
14、isappearance of dinosaurs made the possible the rise of mammals on the earth.8.Why are mammals different from all life forms in the past?They gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.Close readingI.Read the passage carefully and match the main idea with each paragraph.Para.1 T
15、he formation(形成形成)of the earth.Para.2 The importance of water for life.Para.3 A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe.Para.4 The arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.Para.5 The development of plants and animals on the earth.Detailed readingStage 1:The development of t
16、he earthStage 2:The development of life(para 13)(para 45)Stage 1:The development of the earth(1)After the Big Bang,what was the earth like?a cloud of dust a solid globe exploded with fire and rock produced water vapour and gases(2)What happened next?(3)What did the water vapour and gases form?the ea
17、rths atmosphere Water appeared(4)What appeared as the earth cooled down?water is important for the beginning of life on the earth.Why is water so important for the beginning of life?Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases into oceans and seas.Stage2 The development of life small pl
18、ants appears in water 1.What life developed after water appeared?Shellfish and all sorts of fish 2.What life developed in water next?green plants began to grow on land insects appeared3.What about the life on land?amphibians on land and in the waterforests4.What life developed next on land?reptiles
19、appeared dinosaur developed 5.What life developed after forests appeared?mammals on land6.What life developed after dinosaurs?small clever animals7.What life developed after mammals?1.Who are the small clever animals with hands and feet?2.Are they taking care of the earth well?Why?Because they are p
20、utting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.The earth may become too hot to live on.Can you fill in the blanks?23456789101 small plants in watershellfish and all sorts of fish insects reptilesamphibiansmammalsdinosaurs humansplantsan
21、imalsGreen plants on landforests1.Insects and amphibians appeared.3.The earth became a solid ball.5.Reptiles appeared.7.The earth was a cloud of dust9.Shellfish and other fish appeared.11.Clever animals with hands and feet appeared2.Dinosaurs appeared.4.Small plants grew on the water.6.Plants began
22、to grow on dry land.8.Water appeared on the earth10.The universe began with a“Big Band”.12.Mammals appeared.831091151741262Can you put the order of development of life into a time line?Ex.2 on P27III.Fill in the blanks in the following form.Atomsviolentatmospherepresenceacidsoxygenshellfishamphibian
23、sReptilesexistedgave birth tocleverdioxideIV.True(T)or False(F).1.The earth appeared before the Big Bang happened.2.The original atmosphere consisted of nitrogen and oxygen.3.The main difference between the earth and other planets is that there is water on the earth.4.Life began in water and then on
24、 land.FFTT5.Mammals appeared before the development of dinosaurs.6.Dinosaurs could give birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.7.Human beings produce too much carbon dioxide which causes the global warming on the earth.8.According to the text,human beings would disappear in the e
25、nd.FFTF 从句一律保持陈述语序。从句一律保持陈述语序。主语主语从句从句同位语从句同位语从句表语表语从句从句宾语宾语从句从句名词性从句名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句句(Noun Clauses）。）。名词从句的功能名词从句的功能相当于名词词组相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为可分别称为主语从句主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句宾语从句(Object Clause
26、)、表语从句表语从句(Predicative Clause)和和同位语从句同位语从句(Appositive ClauseWho will win the match is still unknown.I want to know what he has told you.The fact is that we have lost the game.The news that we won the game is exciting.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句 主语从句主语从句一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。常用
27、引导词：常用引导词：连接词连接词：that(无词义无词义)whetherThat he will come and help us is certain.Whether we stay or not makes no difference.连接代词连接代词:who(ever)whom what(ever)which(ever)whoseWho will go to the energy conference is not important.连接副词：连接副词：when where how why When and where the test will be given is not dec
28、ided.1.引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。That the earth is round is true2.That-从句作主语通常用从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：从句置于句末，例如：It is true that the earth is round.结构：结构：a.It+be+形容词形容词+that-从句从句It is necessary that 有必要有必要It is important that重要的是重要的是It is obvious that 很明显很明显b.It+be+p.p.+that-从句从
29、句It is believed that人们相信人们相信It is known to all that从所周知从所周知It has been decided that已决定已决定c.It+be+名词名词+that-从句从句It is common knowledge that 是常识是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是事实是d.It+不及物动词不及物动词+that-分句分句It appears that似乎似乎It happens that碰巧碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起我突然想起2
30、.表示表示“是否是否”意义时，一般用意义时，一般用whether 而不用而不用 if引引导主语从句，导主语从句，Whether she will come or not is still a question3.有时可用形式主语有时可用形式主语it 代替主语从句：代替主语从句：e.g.It is still a question whether she will come or not.It has not been decided yet when they will start.4.无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。e.g.When we will s
31、tart has not been decided yet.注意：注意：以以what开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是复数名词，系动词用复数形式。复数名词，系动词用复数形式。What he wants to buy are three books and two pens.1.It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future.A.as B.which C.whether D.that2._ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay
32、their own way.A.Anyone B.The one C.Whoever D.Who练一练！练一练！3.It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over.A.since B.what C.when D.whether练一练！练一练！_ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who _the sports meet will be held depends on the
33、 weather.A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There B.This C.That D.It 宾语从句宾语从句一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句连接词连接词：that(无词义无词义)whether ife.g.I dont know whether(if)you are willing to help me.连接代词：连接代词：what(ever)who(ever)w
34、hose which(ever)等等连接副词：连接副词：when where how why等等特别提示特别提示1.由连接词由连接词that引导宾语从句时，引导宾语从句时，that在在句中不担任任何成分。句中不担任任何成分。Im glad that you have passed the exam.2.有些词或词组如有些词或词组如hate,love,enjoy,dislike,feel like,appreciate,take(认为认为),rely on,dont mind等，习惯上后面跟等，习惯上后面跟it做形式做形式宾语，再接宾语从句。宾语，再接宾语从句。I take it that yo
35、u will agree with us.3.在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子平衡，用平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在作形式宾语，而将从句放在句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：make/find/see/hear/feel/think等等。I think it necessary that I take plenty of water every day.4.某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，如如insist，order，request，suggest等。等。I suggested that we(
36、should)start before 5 o clock.5.必须用必须用whether 引导，引导，不可用不可用if:1).从句后有从句后有or not 时，不可用时，不可用if:I dont know whether he will come or not.2).介词宾语通常用介词宾语通常用 whether 引导引导:It depends on whether he is coming or not.3).后接动词不定式时。后接动词不定式时。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?4).discuss 后面的宾语从句解释为是否用whetherIm
37、agine you are in this situation,and discuss whether you should do something at once.5)主语从句放在句首Whether we stay or not makes no difference.6）表语从句和同位语从句）表语从句和同位语从句The question is whether we can get thereon time.7)当当it做形式主语做形式主语whether/if 都可引导主语从句都可引导主语从句It hasnt been decided whether/if we shall attend
38、the meeting.6.用用who，whom,which(ever),whose,when,what(ever),where,why,how,whoever等关等关联词引导的联词引导的宾语从句宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用应注意句子语序要用陈述语序陈述语序。Do you know how old he is?I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she can work well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
39、凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。情的支持。7.think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here.我们认为你不在这。我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。我相信他不会这样做。如果主句主语为第一人称反意疑问句常与从如果主句主语为第一人称反意疑问句常与
40、从句的主语和谓语保持一致；其他情况看主句的主语和谓语保持一致；其他情况看主句。例如：句。例如：I dont believe she has been to Australia,has she?我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？I dont believe that he can translate this book,?She thinks that her husband is the best one in the team,？can hedoesnt she1.I doubt if/whether he will pass the exam.2.I dont dou
41、bt that we will win the match.3.Do you doubt that he did it on his own?doubt问题肯定句中用肯定句中用 if/whether否定句中用否定句中用 that 疑定句中用疑定句中用 that 1.I doubt _he is telling the truth.2.We never doubt _ the plan will be carried out.3.Does he doubt _ you are from Austria?4.Im doubtful _ he will agree to this.if/whethe
42、r that that if/whether宾语从句中的连接词宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不在以下三种情况下不能省略：能省略：（1）当）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个宾语时，第二个that不能省；不能省；（2）当）当that作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。不可省掉。（3）用）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.The reason lies in that she works harder than t
43、he others do.宾语从句1.He asked _ for a violin（MET1992）A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much C.how much did I pay D.how much I paid2It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants.(NMET1997)A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever3.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to d
44、o _ it takes to save her life.A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever 4.The true value of life is not in _,but _.A.which we get;what give we B.what we get;what we give C.which do we get;what do we give D.how we get;that we give5.Have you seen Mary lately?My boss wants to know _.A.how she is getti
45、ng along B.how is she getting along C.what she is getting along D.what is she getting along6.I dont doubt _ hell come.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.whether7.Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not.A.if B.where C.whether D.that表语从句表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句.连接词连接词:th
46、at/whether/as if/as though/because连接代词：连接代词：who/whom/what/which/whose连接副词：连接副词：when/where/how/whyThe problem is that I am short of money.The question is how we can get there.It looks as if it is going to rain.特别提醒特别提醒1.主句的主语是主句的主语是advice,suggestion,order，request等名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。等名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。His su
47、ggestion is that we(should)go now.2.主句的主语是主句的主语是reason时，表语从句常用时，表语从句常用that；若表原因用若表原因用because，表结果用，表结果用why.The reason for his absence was that he was ill.He forgot it.That was why he didnt call me.He didnt call me.That was because he forgot it.1.What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recov
48、er from the serious disease soon（上海（上海01年春季招生）年春季招生）A.when B.how C.whether D.why 2.I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.Is that _ you had a few days off?(NMET1999)A.why B.what C.when D.where 3._ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B
49、.That;why C.What;because D.Why;that 4.Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A.where B.there C.here where D.where there 5.The city is no longer _.A.what it is B.that it used to be C.which it was D.what it used to be6.The problem is_ he has enough time.A.if B.whether C./D.that what与与that在引导名词性从句时的区别在引
50、导名词性从句时的区别:what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分成分,如主语如主语,宾语宾语,表语等表语等.that在句子中只起连接作用在句子中只起连接作用,没有意义没有意义.(1)What you said yesterday is right.(2)That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.典型错误及归纳找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：找出下列句子中的错误，并总结出规律：1.Can you tell me how many students are there in yo
