1、语法复习语法复习-句子成分句子成分一、句子成分一、句子成分v（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：v构成句子的各个部分叫做构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分句子成分。v句子成分有句子成分有主要成分主要成分和和次要成分次要成分；v主要成分有主要成分有主语和谓语主语和谓语；v次要成分有次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。足语和同位语。二）主语：二）主语：v主语主语(Subject)v是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。（但在（但在there be结构、结构、疑问句疑问句（当主语不疑（当主语不疑问词时）和问词时）和倒装句
2、倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。）词或情态动词后面。）v主语可由主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、和词、和主语从句主语从句等表示。例如：等表示。例如：1.Three plus two is five.2.It is a great pleasure to swim in the river3.Smoking does harm to the health.4.There are many students in my class.5.Are you a student?6.Here comes the bus.7.He
3、can do it and so can I.8.Who will attend the meeting has not been9.decided.（主语从句）（主语从句）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（三）谓语（三）谓语 v谓语谓语(Predicate)说明说明主语主语所做的所做的动作动作或具有的或具有的特特征和状态征和状态。动词动词在句中作在句中作谓语谓语，一般，一般放在主语之后放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：谓语的构成如下：v1、简单谓语简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.The pla
4、ne took off at ten oclock.v2、复合谓语复合谓语：（1）由由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由由系动词加表语系动词加表语构成。如：构成。如：We are students.谓语谓语 体现体现时态时态和和语态语态。I.时态时态II.现在时现在时：III.一般现在时一般现在时:IV.现在进行时现在进行时:V.现在完成时现在完成时:VI.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时:过去时:一般过去时一般过去时:过去
5、进行时过去进行时:过去完成时：过去完成时：过去将来时：过去将来时：将来时:一般将来时一般将来时:将来进行时将来进行时:将来完成时将来完成时:语态语态Is/am/are+-或或does/doIs/am/are+doingHas/have+doneHas/have+been+doingWas/were+-或或didWas/were+doingHad+doneWould/should+doShall/will+doShall/will+be+doingShall/will+have+doneIs/am/are+Is/am/are+being+Has/have+been+-Was/were+Was/w
6、ere+being+Had+been+Would/should+be+Shall/will+be+-Shall/will+have+been+done（与非谓语比较）（与非谓语比较）He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.We are students.非谓语动词非谓语动词to doto have doneto be doingto be doneto have been don
7、edoinghaving donedonebeing donehaving been done主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式动名词分词1.She found the door closed.2.2.Having been told many times,he made the 3.same mistake.4.3.Given more time,we could do it much better.5.4.Walking on the street,he came across his 6.former teacher.7.5.The meeting being held is very im
8、portant.8.6.A big fire broke out in a shop,causing 100 9.deaths.（四）表语（四）表语 v表语表语(Predicative)用以说明用以说明主语主语的的性质、特性质、特征征、状态与身份状态与身份，它一般位于，它一般位于系动词系动词（如（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）等）之后。之后。v表语一般由表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、名词、代词、形容词、数词、副副词、不定式、动词词、不定式、动词ing、介词短语及表语从句、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：表示。例如：1.The weather has
9、 turned cold.2.The speech is exciting.3.His job is to teach English.4.The meeting is of great importance.5.Time is up.The class is over.6.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（五）宾语（五）宾语 v宾语（宾语（Object）表示）表示动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者，一，一般位于般位于及物动词和介词及物动词和介词后面。例如：后面。例如：1.They went to see an exhibition ye
10、sterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（不定式短语）（动词ing短语）（宾语从句）（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 v英语中英语中有些有些及物动词及物动词，
11、除有一个，除有一个直接宾语直接宾语以以外，还要有一个外，还要有一个宾语补足语宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。），才能使句子的意义完整。v带有宾语补足语的带有宾语补足语的一般句型一般句型为：为：某些及物动某些及物动词（如词（如make等等)+宾语宾语+宾补）宾补）。v宾补可由宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：充当。例如：1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh
12、 air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We often hear the song sung by him.7.We found everything in the lab in good order.8.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（七）定语（七）定语 v修饰修饰名词或代词名词或代词的的词、短语或从句词、短语或从句
13、称为定称为定语语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6.He is
14、reading an article about how to learn English.7.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.（八）状语（八）状语 v修饰修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明，说明动作或状态动作或状态特征特征的句子成分，叫做状语的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He
15、 is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Once you begin,you must continue.（分词短语）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.How about meeting again at six?when I come back.2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rai
16、n.because it rained.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.where we once lived.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.As I do.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）v She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work har
17、der.In order that he can catch with the others7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）（九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的）对前面的名词名词或代词或代词做做进一步的解释进一步的解释，通常由，通常由名词、数词、名词、数词、代词或从句代词或从句担任，如：担任，如：1.This is Mr
18、.Zhou,our headmaster.2.Many students,about 60,are in my class.3.The fact that our team won the game has been known to all.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的
19、是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in HuangQiao Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is
20、a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是
21、主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！v第一种：第一种：S+Vi (主语主语+谓语动词谓语动词)v第二种：第二种：S+Vt+O (主语主语+谓语动词谓语动词+宾语宾语)v第三种：第三种：S+V+P (主语主语+连系动词连系动词+表语表语)v第四种：第四种：S+Vt+InO+DO (主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语)v第五种：第五种：S+Vt+O+OC (主
22、语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补语宾语补语)基本句型汉译英练习基本句型汉译英练习 主谓结构（主谓结构（S十十V）本结构是由主语加本结构是由主语加不及物不及物的谓语动词构成的谓语动词构成,常用来常用来表示主语的动作表示主语的动作。如：如：The sun rises.主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语，如，如，The red sun rises.谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语，如，如，The red sun rises in the east.2S十Vt十O主谓宾结构 I love you.They took good care of the children 3.S十V十P
23、主系表结构 I am a student.4.S十Vt十O十C 主谓宾补结构 v说明:用宾补补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。You make me happy.5.S十Vt十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 I teach you English.练习练习（一）（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：v1.The students got on the school bus.v2.He handed me the newspaper.v3.I shall answer your question after class.v4.
24、What a beautiful Chinese painting!v5.They went hunting together early in the morning.With very little contact between China and the West,it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories,nor in the idea of huge,rich city states inhabited by millions
25、of people.v6.His job is to train swimmers.v7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.v8.There is going to be an American film tonight.v9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.v10.His wish is to become a scientist.v11.He managed to finish the work in time.v12.Tom came to ask me for advice.v13.He
26、 found it important to master English.S.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialAO.RO.v14.Do you have anything else to say?v15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.v16.Would you please tell me your address?v17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.v18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clea
27、n and tidy.v19.He noticed a man enter the room.v20.The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisO.AdverbialAdverbialAS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：1.On the left of my house is an old church.2.Why could the boiling point of water be 3.lower at the top of a mountain?4.3.I am not go
28、ing to work today.5.4.This thing is for peeling potatoes.6.5.What time will you arrive?7.6.The Genie promised that if anyone e and set him free,he would make him 9.very rich.10.7.What nationality are you?S.S.V.Prep.O.Adv.O.C.Predicative8.I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50.9.I am
29、 terribly confused by all this information.10.We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11.She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12.Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13.I love swimming.It keeps me fit.14.It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.AdverbialV.
30、O.C.O.O.C.S.O.(二二)。划分。划分句子成分句子成分1.we are working.2.I can swim very well.3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me.4.Why does the wind blow.5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day.6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.8.You must get the
31、 car ready by tomorrow.9.I have a lot of clothes to wash.I have a lot of clothes to be washed.10.He gave his son some advice on reading.11.Read me the first paragraph.12.Ive ordered some soup for you.13.He began leaning English ten years ago.14.My being late worried my teacher.15.That president hims
32、elf would visit our school excited all of us.16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone.17.He usually takes a nap after lunch,as is his habit.18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden.20.The telephone rang.21.We study
33、 hard.22.His father might have died.23.Will you leave the door open when going out.24.Can you make the dog stand still?25.The landlord had them working day and night.26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.27.We all breathe,eat,drink.28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning.2
34、9.The book weighs five kilos.30.They will be flying to London.31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me.32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.33.Please pass a newly-published to me.34.He lived in Guang Zhou.35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees.36.His uncle left him some money.37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years.38.I like popular music.39.She knows what to do next.40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school.
