1、初二英语下册寒假讲义初二英语下册寒假讲义课程设置：课程设置：1、本学期课程分为两个部分：复习和新课，复习的内容会穿插在新课里面进行，希望各位同学用同等心态对待。2、新课内容我们将会以专题的形式进行，主要是分为词法和语法两个部分，语法部分（主要是情态动词、时态、从句等）；二词法部分主要是以课文为主，我们将重点学习课文的重点单词、短语、句型，还有就是重难点讲解。所以请同学们认真听课，做好课堂笔记。3、上课需要带上笔记本和笔，相关学习资料学校会发给同学们，每节课我们都会有一个课堂小测，所以请同学们认真做好笔记的同时，及时巩固复习学过的知识。本次时态的学习主要是复习：正在进行时态、一般现在时态、一般过
2、去式、一般将来时学习的新时态：过去进行时、完成时第一节 一般现在时态：一、概念:一般现在时表示经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态二、表示一般现在时态的时间状语：always,often,usually,every day,sometimes等 三、行为动词在一般现在时中的用法：一般人称的谓语动词用原形，但单数第三人称做主语时谓语动词词尾发生变化：即.动词词尾加-s；或.-es，动词遇到单数第三人称时的表示方法1.一般情况下，直接加-s Eg：works，plays,rains,sees 2.以 sh,ch,s,x 或 o 结尾的词后加 es Eg：washes,teaches,fixes,doe
3、s,goes 3.以辅音字母加-y 结尾的，先把 y 改成 i,再加-es Eg：studies,flies,carries 四、一般现在时的用法：1、表示经常、反复发生的动作，现存的习惯或状态。常often,always,usually,every day,sometimes,never,once a day,seldom等时间状语连用。I am a teacher./We are Chinese.2、表示客观事实或普遍真理。例如：There are seven days in a week./The earth goes round the sun.3、在连词when,before,if,
4、as soon as,until 等引导的表示将来的行为的状语从句中，一般现在时表示将来的动作。例如:If it is fine tomorrow,well have a football match.Ill ring you up before I leave the office.4、表示主语的特征、性格、能力等。Tom studies very hard./She is always ready to help others.5、表示安排或计划好的未来的动作，只限于go,come,leave,start,stay,return,arrive,begin,be 等动词。例如：My trai
5、n leaves at 6:30 this morning./How long do you stay here?6、一般现在时还可用在戏剧,电影的剧本解说，体育比赛的解说以及图片的说明等场合。Tom carries the ball to the left.汤姆把球带到左方。课堂练习：1.写出下列动词第三人称单数的变化形式；be_ have_ come_ go_ stay_ teach_ write_ take_ study_ watch_ fly_ play_ 2.用所给动词的适当形式填空。1.We often_(play)in the playground.2.He _(get)up a
6、t six oclock.3._you _(brush)your teeth every morning.4.What_(do)he usually_(do)after school?5.Danny _(study)English,Chinese,Math,Science and Art an school.6.Mike sometimes _(go)to the park with his sister.7.At eight at night,she _(watch)TV with his parents.8._ Mike_(read)English every day?9.How many
7、 lessons _your classmate_(have)on Monday?10.What time _his mother_(do)the housework?11.Mike _(like)cooking.12.They _(have)the same hobby.13.My aunt _(look)after her baby carefully.14.You always_(do)your homework well.15.I _(be)ill.Im staying in bed.16.She _(go)to school from Monday to Friday.17.Liu
8、Tao _(do)not like PE.18.The child often _(watch)TV in the evening.19.Su hai and Su Yang _(have)eight lessons this term.20.What day _(be)it today?Its Saturday.21.He often _(have)dinner at home.22.Daniel and Tommy _(be)in Class One.23.We _(not watch)TV on Monday.24.Nick _(not go)to the zoo on Sunday.2
9、5.They(like)the World Cup?26.What they often(do)on Saturdays?27.Your parents(read)newspapers every day?28.The girl(teach)us English on Sundays.29.She and I(take)a walk together every evening.30.There(be)some water in the bottle.31.What time_ his father_(do)the work?32.He _(get)up at five oclock.一般现在
10、时练 改句子 1.Do you often play football after school?(肯定回答)_ 2.I have many books.（改为否定句）_ 3.Lilys sister likes playing table tennis.（改为否定句）_（改为一般疑问句）_（肯定/否定回答)_4.She lives in a small town（小镇）near New York.（改为否定句 ）_（改为一般疑问句）_（对划线提问)_5.I watch TV every day.（改为否定句）_（改为一般疑问句）_（对划线提问)_第二节第二节 一般过去时一般过去时 1概念：一
11、般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。2Be动词在一般过去时中的变化：am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasnt）are在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=werent）带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is,am,are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句把was或were放到句首。3句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句：didnt+动词原形，如：Jim didnt go home yesterday.一般疑问句：在句首加did，句子中的动
12、词过去式变回原形。如：Did Jim go home yesterday?特殊疑问句：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形？如：What did Jim do yesterday?疑问词当主语时：疑问词+动词过去式？如：Who went to home yesterday?动词过去式变化规则：1一般在动词末尾加-ed，如：pull-pulled,cook-cooked 2结尾是e加d，如：taste-tasted 3末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop-stopped 4以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i，再加-ed，如：study-stud
13、ied 5不规则动词过去式：am,is-was are-were,do-did,see-saw,say-said,give-gave,get-got,go-went,come-came,have-had,eat-ate,take-took,run-ran,sing-sang,put-put,课堂练习 一、用be动词的适当形式填空。1.I _ an English teacher now.2.She _ happy yesterday.3.They _ glad to see each other last month.4.Helen and Nancy _ good friends.5.The
14、 little dog _ two years old this year.6.Look,there _ lots of grapes here.7.There _ a sign on the chair on Monday.8.Today _ the second of June.Yesterday _ the first of June.It _ Childrens Day.All the students _ very excited.二、句型变换。1.Therewasacarinfrontofthehousejustnow.否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯定回答：_否定回答：_2.Theyp
15、layedfootballintheplayground.否定句：_一般疑问句：_肯定回答：_否定回答：_ 三、用所给动词的适当形式填满空白。1.I _(watch)a cartoon on Saturday.2.Her father _(read)a newspaper last night.3.We _ to zoo yesterday,we _ to the park.(go)4._ you _(visit)your relatives last Spring Festival?5._ he _(fly)a kite on Sunday?Yes,he _.6.Gao Shan _(pul
16、l)up carrots last National Day holiday.7.I _(sweep)the floor yesterday,but my mother _.8.What _ she _(find)in the garden last morning?She _(find)a beautiful butterfly.9.It _(be)Bens birthday last Friday 10.We all _(have)a good time last night.11.He _(jump)high on last Sports Day.12.Helen _(milk)a co
17、w on Friday.13.She likes _ newspapers,but she _ a book yesterday.(read)14.He _ football now,but they _ basketball just now.(play)15.Jims mother _(plant)trees just now.16._ they _(sweep)the floor on Sunday?No,they _.17.I _(watch)a cartoon on Monday.18 We _(go)to school on Sunday.19.It _(be)the 2nd of
18、 November yesterday.Mr White _(go)to his office by car.20.Gao Shan _(put)the book on his head a moment ago.21.Dont _ the house.Mum _ it yesterday.(clean)22.What _ you _ just now?I _ some housework.(do)23.They _(make)a kite a week ago.24.I want to _ apples.But my dad _ all of them last month.(pick)25
19、._ he _ the flowers this morning?Yes,he _.(water)26.She _(be)a pretty girl.Look,she _(do)Chinese dances.27.The students often _(draw)some pictures in the art room.28.What _ Mike do on the farm?He _ cows.(milk)四、改错题1How is Jane yesterday?_ 2He go to school by bus last week._ 3He often goes home at 6:
20、00 last month._ 4I can fly kites seven years ago._ 5Did you saw him just now._ 6Tom wasnt watch TV last night._ 7I didnt my homework yesterday._ 8He wait for you three hours ago._ 9Who find it just now?_ 10.What make him cry(哭)just now?_三、一般将来时三、一般将来时一、一般将来时基本概念 表示将来发生的动作或情况常与表示将来时间的词或短语连用，如：tomorro
21、w，next week，next month，the day after tomorrow，in the future，in a few days等 二、一般将来时的构成 will+动词原形 /be going to+动词原形 三、另外，表示将来的动作或状态，还可用以下几种形式：will/shall动词原形 I shall be seventeen years old next month.be about to动词原形，表示即将发生的动作，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。I was about to go swimming when my guide shouted at me and told
22、 me not to do so.be to动词原形：表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。Are we to go on with this work?be 动词的ing形式：表示按计划或安排要发生的事,含义是“定要.”这一结构常用趋向动词 go,arrive,come,leave,start,stay,return 和 play,do,have,work,wear,spend,see,meet等。-When are you going off for your holiday?-My plane is taking off at 9:20,so I must be at the airpor
23、t by 8:30.一般现在时表示将来时(1)按规定预计要发生的未来动作,仅限于动词come,go,leave,move,start,return,arrive,begin,stay等动词.The plane takes off at 10:10.That is,its leaving in ten minutes.(2)用在状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时 If you do that again,Ill hit you.(3)用在I bet 和I hope后面,常用一般现在时表将来.I bet you dont get up before ten tomorrow.单纯叙述未来的事实，可以
24、用将来进行时，也可表示按计划安排将来要执行的动作。实例：At this time tomorrow _ over the Atlantic.（2003北京）A.were going to fly B.well be flying C.well fly D.were to fly 答案：B课堂练习：1.Betty _(leave)for Guangzhou by plane at 3 this afternoon.Her brother Bob _(see)her off.Its half past one now.They_(wait)for a taxi outside the school
25、 gate.2.The Browns _(go)to the North China by train next week.They _(stay)in Beijing for a week.They _(go)to Xian.They _(get)there by air.3.Some friends_(come)to Annes birthday party this evening.Annes mother _(be)busy _ (get)ready for the birthday dinner.Anne _(help)her mother now.四、四、现在进行时态现在进行时态
26、一、概念 表示现在或现在一段时间内正在进行的动作或存在的状态。A.当句中有 now 时，通常用现在进时.The children are running now.B.当句首有 listen，look 时，通常用现在进行时.Listen!Who is singing?二现在分词的构成 1.大多数动词直接加ing jump-jumping sweep-sweeping wash-washing draw-drawing ring-ringing fly-flying copy-copying climb-climbing turn-turning 2.以不发音的结尾的动词，去再加ing skate
27、-skating ride-riding dance-dancing write-writing close-closing 3.末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写最后一个字母，再加ing（可简单记成“辅”元辅结尾的动词，双写最后一个字母再加ing”）run-running sit-sitting put-putting get-getting shop-shopping swim-swimming stop-stopping 三结构：(1)肯定句：主语+be(am/is/are)+现在分词+其他成分 如：I am singing.They are writing.(2)否定句：主语+be(am/i
28、s/are)+not+现在分词+其他成分（即be后加not is not=isnt are not=arent）如：I am not singing.They arent writing.(3)一般疑问句：be(am/is/are)+主语+现在分词+其他成分？（即be提到句首）如：Am I singing?Yes,you are./No,you arent.Are they writing?Yes,they are./No,they arent.(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be(am/is/are)+主语+现在分词+其他成分 如：What are you doing?We are playi
29、ng.课堂练习：一、写出下列动词的现在分词：play_ read_ sweep_ stand_ sit _ make_ go_ sleep_ jump_ walk_ clean_ wash_ ski_ sing _ do_ like_ LOREMIPSUMDOLORwrite_ have_ dance_ come _skate_ ride_ love_ put_ live_ swim _ run_ eat_ play_ buy _ 二、用所给的动词的正确形式填空：1.The boy _(draw)a picture now.2.Listen！Some girls _(sing)in the c
30、lassroom.3.My mother _(cook)some nice food now.4.What _ you _(do)now?5.Look！They _(have)an English lesson.6.They _(not,water)the flowers now.7.Look!The girls _(dance)in the classroom.8.What is our granddaughter doing?She _(listen)to music.9.Its 5 oclock now.We _(have)supper.10._Helen_(wash)clothes?Y
31、es,she is.五、过去进行时五、过去进行时 一、概念：表示过去某一时刻或某一时间内正在进行或发生的动作。可以从两个方面来理解：1.过去某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作。e.g.They were playing football at ten oclock yesterday morning.2.过去某阶段持续进行的动作 What were you doing during the holiday？另外，在复合句中，若主要动作和背景动作是同时发生的，那么主从句都可用过去进行时 e.g.Jenny was reading while Danny was writing.其结构是助动词be的过去
32、形式was/were+v-ing.其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。e.g.We were working in class.We werent working in class.3.过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，last night,at that time，at noon yesterday，last Sunday 等。也有时没有间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。e.g.The students all worked hard.Everyone knew what he was working for.做题时常见错误如下：一、易把be+现在分词记成be+过去分词 例：
33、He was talked（talk）to his mum at that time.答案：was talking 解析：过去进行时与现在进行时结构上的区别体现在be动词上。二、丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词 例：1.I watching（watch）TV when he came in.2.They were play（play）games at 5：00 p.m.yesterday.答案：1 was watching 2 were playing 解析：现在进行时中“be+现在分词，缺一不可”的规律也可用于过去进行时。三、对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing 例：We were fl
34、ying kites at 5：00 p.m.yesterday.（对划线部分提问）What were you at 5：00 p.m.yesterday？答案：What were you doing at 5：00 p.m.yesterday？解析：现在进行时中“Whatdoing”？句式同样适用于过去进行时。四、易与现在进行时弄混例：My mother is cooking（cook）when I got home.答案：was cooking 解析：这两种时态的共同点是都表示动作正在进行，但现在进行时前提是现在，而过去进行时前提是过去，由when I got home可看出前提是过去。五
35、、易与一般过去时弄混例：昨晚我在读一本故事书。I read（read）a story book yesterday evening.答案：was reading 解析：这两种时态的共同点是都用于表示过去发生的动作。但过去进行时强调动作过去正在进行，而一般过去时则表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，它表示的动作往往已经完成。“在”说明正在进行，而“I read a story book yesterday evening.”的意思是昨晚我读了一本故事书，言下之意已经读完了。故用过去进行时。另外，在宾语从句中当主句为过去时，从句若是现在进行时，需变成过去进行时。e.g.He said tha
36、t he was drawing a cat at noon yesterday.专项训练：专项训练：一、单选 1.What _ from three to four yesterday afternoon？A have you done B had you done C did you do D were you doing 2.I call you yesterday evening，but there was no answer.-Oh.，Im sorry I _ dinner at my friends home.A home B had C was having D have had
37、 3.My mother _ while my father _TV.A cooked；was watching B was cooking；was watching C was cooked；watched D cooked；watched4.When I got home，my son _ the music.A am listening to B listened to C was listening to D was listening 5.We heard a cry when we _ TV last night.A were watching B would watch C wa
38、tch D watched 6.She asked him whether he _ back for lunch.A come B was coming C came D had come 7.Could you tell me when _？A she is coming B she was coming C will be come D is he coming8.The teacher _ when I came into the classroom.A is drawing B draws C has drawn D was drawing 二、填空1._ they_（feed）th
39、e animals at 5:00 yesterday afternoon？2.Mrs.Green _ _（not wash）clothes at this time yesterday.3.Grandpa _ _（mend）his clock when I reached home.4.As I _（walk）in the park，I saw some children playing games.5.It was warm,so I _(take)off my coat.6.Jane _(wait)for me when I _(arrive).7.Sue wasnt hungry,so
40、 she _(eat)anything.三、根据汉语提示完成句子。1 他们那时不在打排球。They _ _ volleyball at that time.2 当你回来时，他在看电视吗？_ he _ TV when you came back?3 昨天中午他在哪里等你？_ _ he _ for you at noon yesterday?4 当我离开时，他正在做家庭作业。He _ _ his homework when I left.5.正当他们扫地的时候，老师进来了。While they_ _ the floor,the teacher came in.六、完成时态六、完成时态 1.概念：过
41、去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果：强调结果 E.g:Yesterday I finished my homework,thats to say,I have finished my homework now.过去已经开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态：强调继续 E.g：I have lived here since 1990.2.现在完成时的构成 havehas+过去分词 3.现在完成时的四个基本句型 肯定句 He has finished the work.一般疑问句 Has he finished the work?否定句 He has not finished the work.两回答 Y
42、es,he has.No,he hasnt.特殊疑问句 What has he done?4.在下列情形下用现在完成时(1)九词语 already已经 肯定句中或句尾 e.g.:I have already found my pen.=I have found my pen already.yet已经 否定句和疑问句句尾 e.g.：I have not finished the work yet.Have you bought a computer yet?ever曾经 句中 E.g.:Have you ever seen pandas?never从不 句中 E.g.:I have never
43、 been to Beijing.just刚刚 句中 e.g.：I have just done my work.before以前 句尾 e.g.：I have never been there before.so far到目前为止 e.g.：So far he has learnt 200 words.how long多久 e.g.：How long have you lived here?how many times多少次 e.g.：How many times has he been to Beijing?(2)两词组 havegone to去了某地 e.g.：He has gone t
44、o Beijing (去了北京)havebeen to去过某地 e.g.：He has been to Beijing.(去过北京)(3)两结构 for two months for+一段时间一段时间 Jim has lived here for 2 months.since last year since+过去点过去点时间时间 Lucy has been in Beijing since 3 years ago.since 3 years agosince 1990 since he came here since+过去时过去时态句子态句子 He has been in China sinc
45、e he came here.(4).如果句子里面没有时间状语，汉语意思能够加“已经”，往往用现在完成时态。e.g.:Have you lost your library book?你已经弄丢了从图书馆借的那本书吗？(5).现在完成时态还常常用于下列句型 They have planted many trees in the last few years.在过去的几年，他们已经种了很多树。This is the best book I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最好的一本书。It is the first time I have played the computer ga
46、mes.这是我第一次玩电脑游戏。课堂练习：I.Fill in the blanks with the proper form.1.I_ already _(see)the film.I _(see)it last week.2._ he _(finish)his work today?Not yet.3.My father _ just _(come)back from work.He is tired now.5.I _(work)here since I _(move)here in 1999.6.So far I _(make)quite a few friends here.7.How
47、 long _ the Wangs _(stay)here?For two weeks.8.He _(go)to school on foot every day.9.If it _(be)fine tomorrow,Ill go with you.10.The students _(read)English when the teacher came in.11.Look!The monkey _(climb)the tree.12.Ive lost my pen._ you _(see)it anywhere?Use“never,ever,already,just,yet,for,sinc
48、e”to fill in the blanks.1.I have _ seen him before,so I have no idea about him.2.Jack has _ finished his homework.3.Mr.Wang has taught in this school _ ten years.4.“Have you _ seen the film?”“No,I have _ seen it.”5.“Has the bus left _?”“Yes,it has _ left.”用since和for填空 1._two years 2._two years ago 3
49、._last month 4._ 1999 5._ she left here 6.He has lived in Nanjing _ the year before last.7.Ive known him _ we were children.8.Our teacher has studied Japanese _ three years.根据要求完成句子1.I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)I _ _ been to Macau before.3.I bough a new bike just now.(用just改写)I _ just _ a new
50、 bike.4.We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句)We _ _English _three years 句子翻译1.你已经看过这部电影了吗？_ 2.他已经吃过午饭。_ 3.他离开中国三年了。_ 4.自从他搬到济宁，他就住这儿了。_5.我来到这个学校已3年多了。_ 七、完成时态（二）七、完成时态（二）1.在现在完成时中，一次性动词不能和一段时间状语连用 e.g.：He has bought the book for 3 years.（错）因buy这个一次性动词不能和一段时间for 3 years连用,改正的办法有五种：He has
