1、Practisescenerysi:nri n.风景，景色soup su:p n.汤shallow lu a.浅(薄)的 n.pl.浅滩，浅水处annoy ni vt.使恼怒，使烦恼thumb m n.拇指 v.示意要求搭车insult inslt,inslt vt.侮辱，辱骂 n.侮辱，凌辱 roast rust v.烤，炙，烘 n.烤肉 a.烤(烘)过的awkward:kwd a.尴尬的，棘手的；难操纵的；笨拙的rubberrb n.橡胶；橡皮 pl.胶鞋 a.橡胶的ash n.灰，灰烬；pl.骨灰，遗骸dip dip vt&n.浸，蘸towel taul n.毛巾shave eiv vt
2、.剃，刮，刨，削 polish pli vt.磨光，擦亮；修改，润色mineral minrl n.矿物，矿石，矿嘲质jaw d:n.颌，颚 下巴regret rigret n.懊悔，后悔，遗憾bow bu n.弓，弓形物 v.鞠躬，低头 3 upset pset vt.心烦意乱；搅乱 n.不安(适)a.心烦的rust rst n.铁锈 v.(使)生锈sew su v.缝(纫)thief i:f n.贼，小偷ashamed eimd a.惭愧的，羞耻的，害臊的voyage vi-id vi.航海，航行，旅行pan pn n.平底锅，盘子translation trnslein n.翻译，译；译
3、文，译本obey bei v.服从，听从suck sk v.吸，吮confident knfidnt a.确信的，肯定的；有信心的，自信的Christmas krisms n.圣诞节fever fi:v n.发烧，热度；一时的狂热zero ziru num.零aunt :nt n.(姑，伯，婶，舅，姨)母urgent:dnt a.急迫的，紧要的garage gr:n.车库；汽车修理行swallow swlu vt.吞，咽；轻信 vi.咽口水 n.燕子 cautious k:s a.十分小心的，谨慎的scrape skreip v.刮，擦 n.刮，擦，刮擦声thunder nd n.雷(声)；雷
4、鸣般响声 vi.打雷,吼button btn n.钮扣；按钮 vt.扣上，扣紧boaster bust n.自夸的人 resign rizain vi.辞职 fasten f:sn vt.扎牢，系牢curtain k:tn n.窗帘，门帘；幕，帷幕steep sti:p a.陡的；过高的；急剧的needle ni:dl n.针，针状物classify klsifai vt.把分类，bleed bli:d vi.出血，流血polite plait a.有礼貌的，客气的；有教养的towertau n.塔，高楼reward riw:d n.报答，奖赏；报酬toe tu n.脚趾，足尖(部)bound
5、 baund a.一定的pity piti n.同情，怜悯；遗憾orange rind n.橙，柑，橘 a.橙色的weave wi:v v.织，编rob rb vt.抢劫，盗窃；(of)(非法)剥夺artificial:tifil a.人工(造,为)的;假的qualification kwlifikein n.资格(证明)，合格证书vessel vesl n.船，舰；容器；导管，血管bargain b:gin n.特价商品；协议，交易 vi.讨价还价false f:ls a.错误的；假的，伪造的；虚伪的 awake weik a.醒着的 vi.醒，觉醒，vt.唤醒，觉醒pretend prit
6、end v.假装，装作dismiss dismis vt.不再考虑；解雇，开除；解散；驳回holiday hldi n.假期，假日，节日reputation repjutein n.名气，名声，名誉lend lend vt.把借给，贷；提供，给予boil bil vi.沸腾，开，滚 friendship frendip n.友谊，友好quarrel kwrl n.争吵；失和的原因 vi.争吵；反对，挑剔complicatedkmplikeitid n.复杂的；难懂的 owe u vt.欠；应该把归功于hesitate heziteit v.犹豫，踌躇scratch skrt v./n.抓，搔，
7、刮；抓(痕)，划(痕)insurance nr()ns n.保险；保险费；赔偿金cheap ti:p a.廉价的；劣质的；卑鄙的，低级的anxious ks a.(令人)焦虑的corn k:n n.谷物，小麦；玉米disappointed dispintid adj.失望的，沮丧的；受挫折的merchant m:tnt n.商人 tongue t n.舌头whip wip n.鞭子 v.鞭打strengthen stren vt.加强，巩固crash kr vi.碰撞；垮台 vt.撞击；冲 n.坠毁；破裂声conscience knns n.良心Gramma句子成分句子成分(members o
8、f the sentence)由主语部分与谓语部分组成。主要有下列六种句子成分：1)主语主语(subject)句子所要说明的人或事物，一句的主体。I study English(我学习英语)2)谓语动词谓语动词(predicate verb)说明主语的动作或状态，I study English3)表语表语(predicative)放在连系动词之后 表示主语的身分或特征，I am a student(我是一个学生)Your home is clean(你的家很干净)4)宾语宾语(object)表示及物动词动作的对象 I study English5)定语定语(attribute)限定或修饰名词或
9、代词用，He likes to drink cold milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)6)状语状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词，He works hard(他努力工作)根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功能将词分为若干类，叫做词类。1）名词名词 2)介词介词3)代词代词 4)感叹词感叹词5)冠词冠词 6)副词副词7)数词数词 8)形容词形容词9)连词连词 10)动词动词名名词词普通名词普通名词专有名词专有名词-可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词单数单数复数复数表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词(Noun)n.个体名词个体名词集合名词集合名词物质名词物质名词抽象名词抽象名词个体个体n
10、.:dog,book,pen,watch集合集合n.：class，family，audience My family is large.My family are all early risers.物质物质n.：glass,paper,wood,sand,fruit,tea,iron,steel,cotton,meat,milk.数字+容器（度量衡）+of+物名 a loaf/slice of bread a cup of coffee a sheet/piece of paper a spoonful of sugar a little rice plenty of chicken（鸡）鸡肉
11、抽象抽象n.：beauty,happiness,music,life专有专有n.：个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物 John,April,London,the Yellow River,the USA,the United Nations the Great Wall,首字母大写，没有单复数，不能加不定冠词a,an名词复数形式的构成名词复数形式的构成形式形式变化规则变化规则发音发音例词例词一般情况一般情况+s1.清辅音结尾的名词后清辅音结尾的名词后s2.浊辅音结尾的名词后浊辅音结尾的名词后z；3.元音结尾的名词后元音结尾的名词后z;books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsd
12、ays,players以以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结尾的名词结尾的名词+esizbuses,brushes,boxes,watches,大多数以大多数以-o结结尾的名词尾的名词+es+sztomatoes,potatoesradios,pianos，zoos以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词结尾的名词把把y改成改成i再加再加eszstories,families,babies以以f和和fe结尾的结尾的大多数名词大多数名词把把f或或fe改成改成v再加再加eszthieves,knives复数形式的不规则变化1.由元音字母的变化构成：由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-te
13、eth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：fish鱼，deer鹿，sheep绵羊，works（工厂），means手段，Swiss瑞士人，Chinese中国人，news 新闻，goods 商品3.有些名词变成复数时加有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen有一些名词则只有复数形式：trousers/trauzz裤子，pants裤子，shorts短裤 glasses眼镜，compasses/kmpsis/圆规，scales/skeilz/天平，pliers/pl
14、aiz/钳子，scissors/sizz/剪刀“某国人”的复数有三种类型：（1）Chinese/tai ni:z/,Japanese/dpni:z,Swiss 单数复数同形，不需加s；（2）Englishman,Frenchman,Dutchman荷兰人 复数要把 man 变为men；（3）其他各国人以an,-ian收尾的均直接加s。Americans,Australians,Indians等。practise1.peach_ 2.zoo _3.glass _ 4.fox _5.lady _6.policewoman _7.house _8.photo _9.monkey _10.wife _
15、11.rose _12.Japanese_13.judge _14.map _peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosesJapanesejudgesmaps名词所有格名词所有格表达所属关系，译为“.的.”1 一般形式单数名词名词sthe boys hands/Joans boss/peoples benefits复数名词-名词sThese studentsteacher 字尾不是s的复名名词sThese childrens teacher 2 共同所有 名词+名词+.+名词s 个别所有名词s+名词s
16、+.+名词s3名词名词+of+名词形式的所有格名词形式的所有格有生命的-s （时间距离国家城市）无生命的-A的BB of A my fathers room /todays work /20minutes walk the colour of the skirt 4 所有格之后的名词，如在句子非常容易理解时，可省略 (地点）She is going to the dentists.(office)I met him at the barbers.(shop)We like to eat lunch an McDonalds.(restaurant)指代其他事物的词 代词 主格：主格：I we
17、you she he it they宾格：宾格：形容词性形容词性物主代词：物主代词：名词性名词性物主代词：物主代词：第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称后面不需要接名词mine ours yours hers his its theirs my our your her his its theirme us you her him it them主格+动词He likes playing basketball.所有格+名词His friends/her mother/my skirt一般动词+宾格The girl loves him so much.You hurt me.1._(
18、他)is my brother.2.I had a letter from _(她).3.Its all right;its only _(我).4.Today _(我们)went in _(我们的)car;tomorrow _(我们)are going in _(他们的).5._(我)lend _(我的)books gladly to _(我的)friends and to _(你的).6.Can you help _(我)with _(我的)English.7.When _(你)go to see _(你的)father,please take these books to _(他).8.
19、_(他们)found _(它)difficult to learn German.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyitusTommy is looking at _ in the mirror.(he)Our house is the same size as _.(you)We must not only think of _ but also others.(we)Make _ at home,Tom.(you)Miss Wang often helps _ with _ English.(we)yoursourselvesy
20、ourselfhimselfour反身代词反身代词：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves相互代词相互代词：each other，one another.指示代词指示代词：this，that，these，those疑问代词疑问代词：who，whom，whose，which，what.关系代词关系代词（定语从句）：who，whom，whose，which，that.不定代词不定代词不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词some/sm/一些(可数或不可数)somebody 某人someone
21、某人something某物，某事any/eni/一些，任何(可数或不可数)anybody任何人anyone任何人anything任何事物no 无(可数或不可数)nobody无人no one无一人nothing无物all全体，全部Both/bu/两个neither没有人或物(指两个当中)none/n n/没有人或物(指两个以上)either任何一个(指两个当中)Each/i:t每个every/evri/每个everybody每人，大家，人人everyone每人everything每一个事物，一切other/(s)另一个(些)another/n/另外一个，又一个much很多(不可数)many/me
22、ni/很多(可数)few很少(可数)a few一些，几个(可数)little很少(不可数)a little一些(不可数)one一个(人或物)人称代词He is a doctor.Help me,please.It is outside.I like blue.It 天气 距离 时间Where is the book it is under the desk.It was snowing yesterday.What time is itit is 6 oclock.形容词物代+名词This is his bike.I like her car.反身代词She can look after he
23、rself.He himself is a teacher.The poor girl is herself.疑问代词Who won the race?What happened?Whose is it?Which do you like better？不定代词 指代非特定名词的代词1 some,any 单数、复数可数名词和不可数名词 some肯定句 any否定句疑问句条件句 There is some water in the bottle.I dont have any money.Do you have any?当问句表示一种邀请或请求，或期待一个肯定的回答时 用some.Would y
24、ou like some coffee?2 表示可数名词的多与少用many和few 不可数much little I have many pens and a few pencils.She has much money.There is little time left.Hurry up!3 One 可指人指物 Do you have a book like this?Yes,I have one.4 another 泛指众多中的一个，+单数名词 the other 两个中的一个，+one He dislikes this one,show him another.I have two pe
25、ns,one is blue and the other is red.5 either 两者中的任意一个 neither 两者中没有一个 全部否定 Neither of the films is good.Either of the films is good.6 none和no都可以用于否定的意思 none常和of连用 no常用来做定语None of them like it.No man is born wise.相互代词相互代词表示相互关系的代词New and old workers learn from each other.互相学习John and Tom helped each
26、other.互相帮助We are interested in one anothers work.我们关心彼此的工作。1 Every winter Simon and_ get together to look at each others drawings.A.we B.our C.usD.ours2 Its going to rain.Take _ umbrella with _.A.you,you B.your,your C.your,you D.you,your3 They were all very tired,but _ of them would stop to have a r
27、est.A.any B.some C.none D.neither4 Is there _ in todays newspaper?A.important anything B.anything important C.important somethingD.something important5 The bicycle doesnt belong to _.Maybe its_.A.me,his B.mine,himC.I,heD.my,his6 Let me introduce _ to youA.me B.myself C.I D.my 7 Please tell _ about i
28、t if _ doesnt know.A.her,herselfB.she,she C.her,she D.hers,her8 _ danced together at the English party.A.I,you and heB.You,he and I C.He,you and ID.I,he and youACCBABCC1.It+be+adj.+of sb.+不定式不定式sb.+be+adj.+不定式不定式 It is very kind of you to help us.(=You are kind to help us.)Its cruel of him to kill t
29、hat animal.Sentences With“It”(It句型的归纳句型的归纳)clever,bright,foolish,stupid,silly,wise,careful,careless,rude,impolite,nice,right,wrong,silly,good,brave,honest,etc.2.It+be+adj.+for sb.+to do It is difficult for us to learn English.It is important for her to come to the party.常见的形容词有：常见的形容词有：important，nec
30、essary，natural，easy，common，normal，hard，difficult，dangerous，unusual，rare，impossible，pleasant,etc.3.It+takes+sb.+some time+to do 表示表示“做某事花费某人多长时间做某事花费某人多长时间”It took him some time to find the elephant.sb.+spend+some time+(in)doingHe spent some time(in)finding the elephant.4.It costs+sb.+some money+to d
31、osth.cost+sb.+some moneysb.spend+some money+on+sth.sb.pay+some money+for sth.sb.buy+sth.+for+some money5.It is+no use+动名词动名词It is no use regretting your past mistakes.It is no use crying over split milk.It is no good learning English without speaking English.能以能以动名词动名词作主语的这类句子并不多，作主语的这类句子并不多，主要在以主要在
32、以no good,no use,useless,worthwhile,等词作表语的句子中用。等词作表语的句子中用。6.It+be+adj./n.+that-clauseIt is very clear that hes tall like a tree.It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.Adj:obvious,necessary，right，strange，natural,trueN:a fact,a shame,an honor,no wonder7.It+be+过去分词过去分词+that-clauseIt is said that
33、he has been ill for years.适用于这种句型的动词有适用于这种句型的动词有report,announce,decide,learn,expect,arrange,suggest,etc.He is said to have been ill for years.8.It+looks as if/seems+that-clauseIt seems that they are talking.用于这种句型的动词用于这种句型的动词happen,turn out,appears等等It happened that she was not at home.It turned out
34、 that he was Bushs father.It looks as if he is ill.9.It is the first(second.)time that.该句型中的该句型中的 that 从句用完成时态。至于用什么从句用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态，态，It is the first time I have been here.=This is
35、the first time I have been here.It was the first time I had been here.10.It+be+time+for It+be+time+(for sb.)+to do It+be+time+that 表示表示“该做某事了该做某事了”It is time for supper.It is time(for us)to have supper.It is time that we had supper.that从句中要用虚拟语气从句中要用虚拟语气 Its time that this problem was/should be solv
36、ed冠词不定冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词定冠词the单数名词单数名词单、复数名词单、复数名词不可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词名词前可不用冠词发音 a/an/n/以a e i o u 开头 或 元音发音 an apple/umbrella/old man/English teacher a useful book/a university an honest boy/an hour the/i/以a e i o u 开头 或 元音发音1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。如：His father is a miner.他的父亲是矿工。(而不是其他工种)Give me a ballpen
37、,please.请给我一支圆珠笔。(而不是钢笔或其他种类)2)指任何一个人、动物或一件事物。如：A steel worker makes steel.钢铁工人炼钢。(意即任何一个钢铁工人都炼钢)A triangle has three angles.三角形有三个角。(意即任何一个三角形都有三个角)不定冠词不定冠词 用法用法3)指指事物的单位事物的单位，如，如每日每日、每斤每斤等。等。Butter is 4 yuan a kilo.黄油四元钱一公斤。He drove the car at 18 miles an hour.他行车速度为每小时十八英里。We have lesson twice a
38、week.我们每星期上两次课。The doctor told him to take the medicine three times a day.医生叫他一天吃三次药。4）在以）在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。What a pretty girl!多么漂亮的一个女孩啊5）一些常用短语中。）一些常用短语中。have a good time玩的开心 half an hour半小时 have a headache头痛定冠词的用法：定冠词的用法：1.用来表示用来表示“独一无二独一无二”的意思。的意思。The sun rises in the east
39、and sets in the west.2.表示表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。There is a boat in the river.The boat is made of wood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。the letter from America,the fourteenth of April4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。用在泛指的乐器名词前。He plays the piano/the violin/the drum5.在姓名复数形式前，指一家人。如：在姓名复数形式前，指一家人。如：The Liu
40、s have moved to Tianjin.刘家已经搬到天津去了，The Greens came to China for a visit last year.格林一家去年来中国访问过。6.the+形容词形容词 使形容词名词化，代表某一类人或物。the rich/the old/the young the wounded伤员，the sick病号，the beautiful美丽的事物7.表示阶级、党派的名词前the Chinese Communist Party中国共产党 the working class工人阶级the bourgeoisie资产阶级 the Labour Party(英
41、国)工党8.在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。January is the first month of the year.元月是一年中的第一个月份。The sun rises in the east.日出东方。9.下面一些说法中习惯上须用定冠词thein the morning在早上或上午in the afternoon在下午in the evening在晚上to go to the theatre(cinema)到剧院(电影院)去看戏(电影)零冠词的用法零冠词的用法名词前有了物主代词、指
42、示代词、不定代词和名词前有了物主代词、指示代词、不定代词和“”所有格时。所有格时。1.2.3.4.e.g.Our books those apples Jims pen附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。附复数名词在表示一类人或者事物时。e.g.They are teachers.他们是老师。他们是老师。在专有名词前在专有名词前e.g.China England在星期、月份、节日前在星期、月份、节日前e.g.on Sunday in August on Childrens Day 不使用冠词的情况不使用冠词的情况零冠词的用法零冠词的用法在球类运动前及三餐名词前。在球类运动前及三餐名词前。5.6.
43、e.g.play football/basketball have supper在一些固定搭配中在一些固定搭配中e.g.at night go to school at table by bike at work go to bed at school at home watch TV不使用冠词的情况不使用冠词的情况零冠词的用法：零冠词的用法：1)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前Canada加拿大，Japanese日语，love爱，hatred恨，glass玻璃，water水.2)名词前已有作定语用的this，that，my，your，whose，some，any，no，each，every等代
44、词That is my cap.那是我的帽子。I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至终都玩得痛快。I want this book,not that one.我要这本书，不要那本书。3)季节、月份、星期几等名称前Spring has come.春天来了。Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。Her little daughter was born in April 1987.We have mathematics on Monday.我们星期一有数学课。注季节前有时也用冠词。如in the spring在春季。
45、当然也可以说in spring。4)复数名词表示某一类人或事物时Books are my best friends.书是我最好的朋友。5)称呼语前面不用冠词，表示头衔和职务What does this word mean,Father?这个词是什么意思，爸爸?Mrs.Johnson is director of the office.约翰逊太太是办公室主任。6)在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词 by air乘飞机，at night夜间，in fact事实上，in danger在危险中，after school放学后，at home在家中，in town在城里，go to school上学去
46、,go to bed去睡觉，go to class去上课，from door to door挨门挨户，from morning till night从早到晚7)三餐饭的名称前Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?After lunch we usually have a nap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。What did you have for supper?你晚饭吃什么了?8)球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前My younger brother likes to play table tennis.Lets go and watch them play chess.9)节日
47、、假日等名称之前New Years Day元旦 National Day国庆节May Day五一劳动节 Childrens Day儿童节Christmas Day圣诞节10)报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词Letter from Beijing:Women in Capital Cotton Mill 北京来信：首都棉纺厂的妇女(文章标题，letter之前省去了不定冠词a。)Bosses Force Deadlock on Pay Increase Talks老板们使要求增加工资的谈判陷于僵局。(报纸标题，bosses前省去the，deadlock前省去a,pay increase talks前省
48、去the。)1.There is _notebook on my desk.I use _ notebook to keep a diary.2.I dont like playing _piano,lets go out for playing _badminton!3.Her mother is _ university teacher.She is _ honest woman.4.She studies at _No.3 Middle School.She goes to _ school by _ bus every day.5.Have you had _dinner?atheth
49、e/aan/数词1.112的基数词的基数词：one/wn/,two/tu:/,three/ri:/,four/f:/,five/faiv/,six/siks/,seven/sevn/,eight/eit/,nine/nain/,ten/ten/,eleven/i levn/,twelve/twelv/1319的基数词：的基数词：-teen thirteen/:ti:n/,fourteen,fifteen/fif ti:n/,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：的基数词：-ty twenty,thirty/:ti/,forty,fifty,si
50、xty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数：的基数：十位数和个位数之间加上连字符号十位数和个位数之间加上连字符号 twenty-one.twenty-nine 2.百位数百位数：one hundred,two hundred586 five hundred and eighty-six,699 six hundred and ninety-nine,708 seven hundred and eight,801 eight hundred and one3.千位数千位数：one thousand,seven thousand one hundred and five 71
