1、-修辞与翻译n一.修辞格的分类n二.修辞格的翻译方法-一、什么是修辞格 修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。-（一）词义上的修辞格lexical stylistic devices词义修辞格主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。例如：n明喻simile,n隐喻metaphor,n转喻metonymy，n借代Antonomasia,n拟人personificationn反语irony,n夸张hyperbole,n委婉语euphemism,n双关pun,n隽语parad
2、oxn拈连zeugma-（二）句子结构上的修辞格syntactical stylistic devices句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。n反复Repetitionn顶真Anadiplosisn排比parallelismn对偶antithesis,n设问rhetoric question,n倒装anastrophe,n递升climax,n递降Anti-climaxn脚韵Rhymen摹形Graphicn列锦-（三）音韵修辞格(phonetic stylistic devices)顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。n双声,叠
3、韵Alliterationn拟声Onomatopoeia-1 直译法对可译的辞格，尽可能直译n明喻；暗喻；拟人；夸张n讳饰；转喻；省略；n移就；递升；递降；反语n 排比；设问；反问；-明喻 Similen 这个辞格在汉语和英语修辞里有着共同的特点，那就是明显地打比方，在本体和喻体之间都出现显而易见的喻词，如：汉语里的“像”、“好像”、“比如”、“仿佛”、“好比”、“像一样”、“如一般”等等；英语里的like，as，as if，as though 等等。在翻译时，我们可利用其共同特点，用译文中相应的喻词来译原文里本体之间的喻词。neg：他着魔似似的驾车狂奔。n译文：He drove as if
4、possessed by the devil.-暗喻；Metaphorn汉语的暗喻和英语的暗喻都不露比喻的痕迹，把甲直接说成“是”乙或“变成了”乙，常用的喻词在汉语里有“是”、“变成”、“变为”、“成为”、“成了”、“当作”等，英语里常用“be”作喻词，也用“become”，“turn into”等词语。暗喻在翻译中一般也可采取直译。n eg：简的叔叔是是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。译文：Janes uncle is an old fox，up to all kinds of evils.neg：那次长谈之后，吉姆成了成了她心中的太阳。n译文：After that long talk，Jim
5、 became the sun in her heart.-拟人；Personificationeg:每条岭都是那么温柔温柔，虽然下自山脚，上至岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可是谁也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人盛气凌人。（老舍：小花朵集）译文：All the ridges were so amiable.None of them stood above the others with arrogance，though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.-夸张；Hyperboleneg：要做时装模特的话，她可是百里挑一n译文：As for
6、models,she is a thousand out of one.-讳饰；Euphemism（委婉语）neg：尤氏道：“我也暗暗地叫人预备了。就是那那件东西件东西，不得好木头，且慢慢地办着罢。”（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第十一回）n译文：“Ive secretly sent people to get things prepared.But they havent found good wood for that thing yet，so we have to wait.”-转喻；Metonymyneg：秃头秃头站在白背心白背心的略略正对面，弯了腰，去研究背心上的文字。（鲁迅：示众）n译文：Ba
7、ldy，standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin，stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.n有时采用意译更为合适neg：英雄英雄所见略同。n译文：Great minds think alike.-省略；Ellipsisneg：妈妈让他洗碗，她就不洗。n译文：Mother tells her to wash the dishes，but she will not（do it）-移就；Transferred Epithetn把本来用以修饰人的形容词移属于同人有关的抽象物或具体物，
8、这种貌似错误、实为妙用的修辞格叫做“移就”（Transferred Epithet），它通过词语巧妙的“移植”，来取得常规搭配所无法得到的效果。neg：她在度过欢乐一天欢乐一天之后，却又熬过一个不眠之不眠之夜夜 n译文：After a happy day，she had a sleepless night.。neg：然而悲惨的皱纹悲惨的皱纹，却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。（鲁迅全集第二卷）n译文：Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.-递升；Climaxn把事物按由小到大、由短到长、
9、由低到高、由轻到重、由近到远、由易到难、由浅到深等次序说下去，这种修辞手法叫递升，英语里称作 climax。运用这一修辞手法，能够使要表达的思想逐步加深、感情逐步强化，因而能增强语言的说服力和感染力。eg：事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了。消灭一点一点，舒服一点一点；消灭得多得多，舒服得多得多；彻底彻底消灭，彻彻底底舒服。（毛泽东：关于重庆谈判）n译文：This is the way things are：if they attack and we wipe them out，they will have that satisfaction；wipe out some，som
10、e satisfaction；wipe out more，more satisfaction；wipe out the whole lot，complete satisfaction.-递降：Bathos；Anti-climaxn 把事物按由大到小、由长到短、由高到低、由重到轻、由远到近、由难到易、由深到浅等次序说下去，这种修辞手法叫递降，英语称作 bathos，或称 anti-climax。汉语里的递降一般是一种“渐降”，即楼梯式的逐渐下降，而英语里的 bathos 却常常是一种“突降”，即令读者措手不及的突然下降，能产生幽默的效果。neg：他昂首挺胸，趾高气扬，傲慢无比，讲开了每个小学生都
11、知道的东西。n译文：How haughtily he cocks his nose，to tell what every schoolboy knows.neg：这起爆炸事故彻底毁坏了一个教堂、两所房屋和一个花盆一个教堂、两所房屋和一个花盆。n 译文：The explosion completely destroyed a church，two houses，and a flowerpot.-反语；Ironyn使用同本意完全相反的词句来表达本意，明显含有嘲弄讽刺的意思，从而使本意更加突出，这种修辞方法叫做反语，英语里称 irony。对这一辞格采用直译能保留原文嘲弄的修辞效果n eg：以此说明他
12、那行善的行善的国家的仁慈仁慈法律是多么有意义有意义的例证!他们竟允许穷人睡觉!（Charles Dickens）n译文：What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!they let the paupers go to sleep!neg：母亲说：“小家伙又打碎了一个杯子。”n 父亲回答道：“好得很好得很!”n译文：“The boy has broken another glass，”said the mother.“A fine thing!”the father replied.-排比；Parall
13、elism；Parataxisneg：我们纵情欢笑，我们放声歌唱，我们翩翩起舞。n译文：We laughed，we sang，we danced.neg：生产多么需要科学!革命多么需要科学!人民多么需要科学!（秦牧：向科学技术现代化进军的战鼓）（排比）neg：Our production is in burning need of science!Our revolution is in burning need of science!Our people are in burning need of science!-设问；Question and Answerneg:不知细叶谁裁出？二月春
14、风似剪刀。（贺知章：咏柳）n译文：But do you know by whom these young leaves are cut out?The early spring wind is as sharp as scissor blade.-反问；Rhetoric Questionneg：啊，要是你能体会这痛苦!唉，可谁的感觉像我一样?（W.S.Landor）n译文：O，if you felt the pain I feel!But O，who ever felt as I?-2 意译法对难译的辞格：尽可能加工n拟声；对偶；双关；n顶真；脚韵；拈连；n借代；摹形；列锦；-拟声（Onoma
15、topoeia）neg：敲了两下门，心上还突突突突直跳。（梁斌：红旗谱）n译文：He knocked twice at the gate，his heart thudding violently.neg：A hammering clatter of hoofs beating the hard road.n译文：“得得、得得、得得”，坚硬的路面上响着接连不断的马蹄声。n把人、动物或自然物所发出的声音如实地加以描摹，这种修辞方法称为拟声，汉英皆有，但是有着较大的区别。在汉语里，一般都采用直接摹写声音的拟声词，如上面例1中的突突”和例2中的“得、得、得”。在英语里，一些动词和名词本身就具备了拟声的
16、特点，融音与义为一体，引起音与音之间的联想，如上面例1中的 thud 及例2中的clatter。因此，在翻译时，我们不得不考虑这些差异，适当地进行加工，如例1中的“突突”不是译成“tu-tu”，而是用 thud；例2中的“得、得、得”不是译成“de-de”，而是用 clatter。-对偶（Antithesis）neg：谋事在人，成事在天n译文：Man proposes，God disposes。neg：美貌、体力、年轻，就像花朵，终将衰尽；n 义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。译文：Beauty，strength，youth，are flowers but fading seen；Duty
17、，faith，love，are roots，and ever green.（from a sonnet by George Peele）-双关；Punn1)杨柳青青江水平，n 闻郎江上唱歌声；n 东边日出西边雨，n 道是无晴晴却有晴晴。（刘禹锡：竹枝词）nBetween the willows green nthe river flows along，nMy beloved in a boatnis heard singing a song.nThe west is veiled in rain，nthe east basks in sunshine，nMy beloved is as dee
18、p in lovenas the day is fine.-n2)春蚕到死丝丝方尽，n 蜡炬成灰泪泪始干。（李商隐：无题）nThe silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart；nThe candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.-顶真；Anadiplosis1)有个农村叫张家庄张家庄，张家庄张家庄有个张木匠张木匠。张木匠张木匠有个好老婆，外号叫“小飞娥小飞娥”。小飞娥小飞娥生了个女儿叫艾艾。（赵树理：登记）译文：There was a village called Zhangjia
19、 Village，where lived Carpenter Zhang，who had a good wife，nicknamed Little Moth，who gave birth to a girl called Aiai.n2)他一见面是寒暄寒暄，寒暄寒暄之后说我说我“胖了胖了”，说我说我“胖了胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅：祝福n译文：Having exchanged some polite remarks upon meeting he observed that I was fatter，and having observed that I was fatter launche
20、d into a violent attack on the reformists.-脚韵（Rhyme）n1)饭来张口口，衣来伸手手nhave only to open ones mouth to be fednand hold out ones hands to be dressedn (-lead an easy life)n2)秦时明月汉时关关，万里长征人未还还。（王昌龄：从军行之三）nThe age-old moon still shines oer the ancient Great Wall，nBut our frontier guardsmen have not come bac
21、k at all.n3)猫儿不在在，鼠儿作怪怪。nWhen the cats away，the mice will play.-拈连；Zeugman在说甲乙两事物时，把适用于说甲的词顺便也用来说乙，这就是我们所谓的拈连修辞格。n1)哼!你别看我耳朵聋耳朵聋可我的心并不心并不“聋聋”啊!（郭澄清：大刀记）nHumph!My ears are deaf，but my mind is not.n2)小火车小火车在欢腾地急驰急驰。人们的心人们的心和火车一样，向家乡急奔急奔。（曲波：林海雪原）nThe little train and the hearts of all its passengers，t
22、ogether，sped merrily homeward.-借代；Antonomasian1)中国还有一句成语，三个臭皮匠臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮诸葛亮。单独的一个诸葛亮总是不完全的，总是有缺陷的。（毛泽东选集，第五卷）nStill another Chinese proverb says three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.Zhuge Liang by himself can never be perfect，he has his limitations.n2)这对年轻夫妇并不相配，
23、一个是西施西施，一个是张飞张飞。nThis young couple is not well matched，one is a Xi Shi-a famous Chinese beauty，while the other is a Zhang Fei-a well-known ill-tempered brute.-摹形；Graphicn可以用汉字“丁”同英文里“T”、汉字“工”同英文里的“I”、汉字“乙”或“之”同英文里的“Z”相互套用 n1)几何老师手拿一把丁丁字尺，走进了教室。nWith a T square in his hand，the teacher of geometry cam
24、e into the classroom.n2)老张走进房间一看，只见女儿在床上睡成一个“大大”字。nOld Zhang went into the room and saw his daughter lying on the bed in the shape of the Chinese character 大大.n3)要他钻进这个“工工”字形的洞口，是完全不可能的。nIt was just impossible for him to get into this I-shaped hole.n4)他们目前需要的是大量的乙乙字铁。nWhat they need now is a large quantity of Z iron.-列锦以名词或用以名词为中心的定名结构组成，里面没有动词或形容词谓语，却能叙事述怀，写景抒情，这样的修辞句式叫做列锦，汉英两种言语都有此修辞方法，但英语里无此修辞名称。n1)蓝的天，绿的地，长长的小路蓝的天，绿的地，长长的小路，她走来了!（张枚同等：麦苗返青的时候）nThe blue sky，the green land，and the long path.Here she was coming along.
