1、What is clause(从句)?clause从句“跟从”：跟在后面=句子后半段从句术语从句术语形容词从句关系从句定语从句形容词从句=关系从句=定语从句名词从句 主语从句 限定性从句状语从句名词从句定语从句副词从句主语从句状语从句同位语从句非限定性从句表语从句宾语从句限定性从句1.英语从句的原理2.英语从句的分类1.英语从句的原理句子成分句子成分/句型句型1.主语+动词2.主语+动词+宾语3.主语+动词+直接宾语+间接宾语4.主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语5.主语+动词+表语修饰成分：定语、状语、同位语兔子吃了根胡萝卜。兔子主语吃了谓语动词宾语胡萝卜The rabbit ate a carr
2、ot.“上帝视角”我看见第一人称视角句子A我看见兔子吃了根胡萝卜。句子B我看见兔子吃了根胡萝卜主语宾语谓语动词 句子句子成分I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.整句(句子B)句子A主句(main claus)从句(subordinate claus)复合句英语的三种句子英语的三种句子1.简单句Simple Sentence2.并列句Compound Sentence3.复合句Complex Sentence不能再拆不分主次主句+从句2.英语从句的分类句子成分句子成分/句型句型1.主语+动词2
3、.主语+动词+宾语3.主语+动词+直接宾语+间接宾语4.主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语5.主语+动词+表语修饰成分：定语、状语、同位语主语从句宾语从句宾语补语从句定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句表语从句Attributive Clause定语从句：又称形容词从句、关系从句。在复合句中修饰或限定句中某一名词或代词的从句。1.定语从句的思维方式2.定语从句的构成3.定语从句的限定性和非限定性1.定语从句的思维方式The rabbit is eating a carrot.兔子在吃一根胡萝卜。兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜。兔子在吃一根(我买来的)胡萝卜。定语兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜。兔子在吃一根我昨天在
4、菜市场向刚从地里回来的乌龟哪儿买来的胡萝卜。定语好吃的胡萝卜我买来的胡萝卜我昨天在菜市场向刚从地里回来的乌龟哪儿买来的胡萝卜形容词/句子+的a tasty carrot一根好吃的胡萝卜一根我买来的胡萝卜a carrot that I boughta carrot that I bought“补充说明、修饰限定”关系词先行词定语从句定语从句兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜。兔子在吃一根胡萝卜(胡萝卜的关系词我买。)The rabbit is eating a carrot(that I bought)中英文思维不同定语从句：又称形容词从句、关系从句。在复合句中修饰或限定句中某一名词或代词的从句。被修饰
5、的词叫先行词，引导从句的词叫关系词。2.定语从句的构成被修饰的名词或代词(先行词)+关系词+修饰内容2.定语从句的构成The rabbit ate a carrot that I bought.主句The rabbit ate a carrot.从句I bought the carrot.thatthat I bought.The rabbit ate a carrot关系词关系副词关系代词关系代词：用于代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。The rabbit ate a carrot that I bought.The animal who ate a carrot
6、is a rabbit.The animal whom I saw yesterday is a rabbit.The animal whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit.The food which the rabbit likes is a carrot.关系代词关系代词(relative pronouns)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（antecedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）that which who whom whosethat 即可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语
7、或宾语，作宾语是可省略，指人时一般可用who代替，指物时一般可以用which代替。The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.The rabbit is eating a carrot that was peeled.主语宾语关系代词：that关系代词关系代词(relative pronouns)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（antecedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）that which who whom whose人人/物物主主/宾宾which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾
8、语，作宾语是可省略。The rabbit is eating a carrot which I bought.The rabbit is eating a carrot which was peeled.主语宾语关系代词：which关系代词关系代词(relative pronouns)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（antecedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）that which who whom whose人人/物物物物主主/宾宾主主/宾宾who 一般指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语是可省略The rabbit who
9、 I saw yesterday is eating a carrot.The rabbit who is cute is eating a carrot.主语宾语关系代词：who关系代词关系代词(relative pronouns)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（antecedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）that which who whom whose人人/物物物物人人主主/宾宾主主/宾宾主主/宾宾whom 一般指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。The rabbit whom I saw yesterd
10、ay is eating a carrot.宾语关系代词：whom关系代词关系代词(relative pronouns)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（antecedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）that which who whom whose人人/物物物物人人人人主主/宾宾主主/宾宾主主/宾宾宾宾whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作后面名词的定语，whose与它后面的名词一起在定语从句中作主语或宾语The rabbit whose fur is white is eating a carrot.定语、主语The rabbi
11、t is eating a carrot whose smell I hate.定语、宾语关系代词：whose关系代词关系代词(relative pronouns)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（antecedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）that which who whom whose人人/物物物物人人人人 人（的）人（的）/物（的）物（的）主主/宾宾主主/宾宾主主/宾宾定语定语宾宾关系代词：用于代指人或物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。The rabbit ate a carrot that I bou
12、ght.The animal who ate a carrot is a rabbit.The animal whom I saw yesterday is a rabbit.The animal whose favorite food is carrot is a rabbit.The food which the rabbit likes is a carrot.特殊关系代词as1.as既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在 the sameas，such，as.等结构中as不能省略。Such reasons _we give can persuade him to
13、give up his foolish plan.Ill buy the same dictionary_ you have.as asas误区警示1.当先行词被 the same修饰时，也可用that引导定语从向但指同一物，而不是同一类。This is the same bike_I lost two months ago这就是两个月前我丢的一辆自行车。This is the same bike _I lost two months ago这辆自行车跟两个月前我丢的那辆一样。that as(同一辆自行车)(同样的自行车，但不是同一辆)as误区警示2.as引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句的内
14、容。从句可放在主句前、主句后或主句中间。As you know,she is a stubborn girl,and I cant persuade her to change her mind.My grandfather is fond of talking about the good old days,as is often the case with old people练习1.The number of people _ come to visit this city each year reaches one million.2.Ye are concerned about pe
15、ople _have suffered a lot in the earthquake.3.I know the person_house was totally destroyed in the earthquake.4.This is the suitcase _ she is looking for.5.Danny was the man _we rescued from the ruins.6.Rose is the person _you should care about.7.They ignored the details _ might account for the acci
16、dent.8.I will buy the same dictionary _ you have.that/whothat/whowhosethat/who/whom/that/which/that/who/whom/that/whichas注意事项 1关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关亲代词所替代的名词或代词。The film that/which we saw it last night was very frightening.The film(that/which)we saw last night was very frighteni
17、ng.注意事项 2关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。Is that the girl(whom/who/that)you spoke of the other day.注意事项 3:只能用that而不用which的情况1.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。The first thing _you should do is calling the police right away.This is the most delicious food _I have ever had.thatthat2.当先行词是all,any,little,few,much,ever,anyt
18、hing,nothing,none,very,the only,the last等不定代词或被这些词修饰时。All _can be done has been done.Tell me everything _ you knowPlease send us any information _you have about the subject.thatthatthat注意事项 3:只能用that而不用which的情况3.当先行词被the only，the very，the last，the same等修饰时The only thing _she could do was to go to th
19、e Police for help.This is the very book _I want to buy.thatthat4.当先行词既包括人又包括物时。Sometimes we should ignore the persons and things _upset us.thatthat5.当主句是以who或者which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which of the books _ you bought is the most useful for mywriting?注意事项 4:只能用which而不用that的情况1.引导非限制性定语从句时。Football,_is an intere
20、sting game,is very popular all over the worldwhich2.当关系代词前有介词时。This is the house in _Mo Yan once livedwhich3.当先行词为that时Whats that_he asked for?which注意事项 4:只能用which而不用that的情况4.在定语从句中含有另一个定语从句时，其中前一个关系代词是that，那后一个为whichLet me show you the novel that I borrowed from the lirary _ newly opened.which注意事项
21、5:定语从句中的主谓一致1.关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句谓语动词的形式根据先行词的形式确定.The old town has narrow streets and small houses that_ builtclose to each other.Im fond of that Piece of music which _ popular with theteenager.areis注意事项 5:定语从句中的主谓一致He is one of the students who_ a good command of French.(the students为先行词)He is the o
22、nly one of the students who_ a good command of French.(the only one为先行词)one of+复数名词+定语从句(先行词是复数名词，复数谓语)the only one of+复数名词+定语从句(先行词是the only one单数谓语)havehas2.练习1.Here are some of the people_homes were destroyed by the typhoon.2.The terrible shaking of the building woke up all the people _were aslee
23、p.3.The next day,people put up shelters in the open air using anything _ they could find.4.Several days later,most of the buildings _had been damaged by the hurricane were repaired.5.The injured boy_ mother was lost in the disaster was taken to the hospital.6.The woman wrote a thank-you letter to th
24、e soldier by _ she was resuced.7.Is this the young boy_saved several other students trapped under buildings.whosethat/whothat/whomthat/whichwhosethat/whoas高考真题1.(2018北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work，_ helps them keep fit 2.(2018天津卷)Kate,_ sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has
25、 gone to work in Australia3.(2019全国I卷)During the rosy years of elementary school,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes _ allowed me to keep my high social status.4.(2017北京卷)The little problems_ we meet in our daily lives maybe inspirations for great inventions.5.(2017全国卷)But Sarah,_ has taken part in
26、 shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as well asbeauty.6.(2017全国卷)Like anything,it is possible to have too much fat and salt,_is not good for the healthwhichwhichwhosethatwhichwho关系词关系副词关系代词关系副词：用于代指时间、地点、原因等先行词，在定语从句中充当状语等成分。关系副词关系副词(relative adverb)所指代所指代（即先行词）（即先行词）（ante
27、cedent）在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分（sentence part(s)）whenwherewhywhen 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词通常为time、day、week、year、evening等表示时间的名词。I still remember the time when I was in junior high school.We will never forget the day when we enter the senior high school.时间状语时间状语关系副词：whenwhen 可以用in/on/at/during which代替。du
28、ring whichon which关系副词：用于代指时间、地点、原因等先行词，在定语从句中充当状语等成分。关系副词关系副词(relative adverb)所指代所指代(即先行词即先行词)(antecedent)在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分(sentence part)whenwherewhy表时间表时间状语状语=in/on/at/during whichwhere 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词通常为place、town、city等表示地点的名词。1.This is the hotel where they stayed.2.I visited the far
29、m where a lot of cows lives here.地点状语地点状语关系副词：wherewhere 可以用in/on/at which代替。in whichon which关系副词：用于代指时间、地点、原因等先行词，在定语从句中充当状语等成分。关系副词关系副词(relative adverb)所指代所指代(即先行词即先行词)(antecedent)在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所作句子成分(sentence part)whenwherewhy表时间表时间时间状语时间状语=in/on/at/during which表地点表地点地点状语地点状语=in/on/at whichwh
30、y 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词只能为reason。1.This is the reason why he left the classroom.2.I dont know the reason why he didnt hand in her homework.原因状语原因状语关系副词：whywhere 可以用for which代替。for whichon which关系副词：用于代指时间、地点、原因等先行词，在定语从句中充当状语等成分。关系副词关系副词(relative adverb)所指代所指代(即先行词即先行词)(antecedent)在定语从句中在定语从句中所作句子成分所
31、作句子成分(sentence part)whenwherewhy表时间表时间时间状语时间状语=in/on/at/during which表地点表地点地点状语地点状语=in/on/at whichreason原因状语原因状语=for which观察例句观察例句1.Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other all night?2.Do you remember the days that/which we spent studying together in the classroom?3.I dont know the re
32、ason why he didnt turn to his good friend for help yesterday.4.We wont accept the reason that/which you have given.5.Can you recognize the house where you used to live with your parents?6.Can you recognise the house that/which Tom sold three years ago?注意辨析注意辨析表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时，表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时，先行
33、词先行词在定语从句在定语从句中作中作状语状语时，应用时，应用关系副词关系副词；若先行词在定语从句中；若先行词在定语从句中作主语、作主语、宾语或定语时宾语或定语时，则应用，则应用关系代词关系代词。方法：方法：分析从句句子成分分析从句句子成分1.when相当于“at/in/on/during等+which”I remember the day when(=on which)I settled in China.2.where 相当于“in/at/on等+which”The house where(=in which)Mark lived is now a library.3.why 相当于“for
34、+which”Is that the reason why(=for which)she suddenly changed her mind?“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.关系副词when，where，why引导定语从句时，也可用“介词+which”代替关系副词。1.This is the student for whom I bought a book.2.This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.2.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能用which或whom,不可用that/who。先行词指物时用which，先行词指人时用
35、whom。3.“名词，不定代词或基数词+of+which(指物)/whom(指人)”在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。1.China has lots of islands,one of which is Hainan Island.2.The building had been repaired,the roof of which was destroyed again in a big fire.3.Miss Liu has a lot of students,some of whom are girls.注意：选用介词的依据注意：选用介词的依据1.根据先行先行词的搭配或从句中的动词
36、、形容词等的搭配词的搭配或从句中的动词、形容词等的搭配(即固定短语)。(1)Yesterday we visited the West Lake for which Hangzhou is famous.(2)He is the student from whom we should learn.(3)I remember the days during which I lived here.(4)I cant remember the age at which he won the prize.2.根据句子的意思句子的意思来选择。(1)This is the pilot with whom
37、my brother has worked for ten years.(2)This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.用恰当的关系代词，关系副词或用恰当的关系代词，关系副词或“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”完成句子。完成句子。1.The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.2.The USA is a country _ many different dialects are spoken.3.The reason _ he explained a
38、t the meeting sounds reasonable.4.Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.5.I saw a house,the windows of _ were broken.6.She has two sons,both of _ graduated from Harvard University.7.Do you have anything to say for yourself?Yes.There is one point _ I must in
39、sist on.8.What do you think of teaching,Bob?It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting.9.It was in the village _ he once lived that he got his junior education.10.We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true.whenwherethat/whichwherewhichwhomwhich/thatwh
40、ere/in whichwherewhen合并句子合并句子1.My hometown has taken on a new look.I spent most of my childhood there.2.Do you remember the day?On that day we played together.3.The reason is unknown.He carried a first-aid kit.4.Well go to hear the famous singer.We have often talked about the famous singer.5.The pla
41、ne is very comfortable.We flew to Beijing in the plane.6.There are sixty students in our class.Thirty of the students in our class are boys.7.We settled down in a small village.In front of the village ran a winding river.My hometown,where I spent most of my childhood,has taken on a new look.Do you r
42、emember the day when we played together?The reason why he carried a first-aid kit is unknown.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.The plane in which we flew to Beijing is very comfortable.There are sixty students in our class,thirty of whom are boys.We settled down in a
43、small village,in front of which ran a winding river.California,_ official nick-name is the Golden State,is one of the fastest growing states in the United States.The first people _ explored and settled in California were the Spaniards,_ gave Spanish names to its two great cities,Los Angeles and San
44、Francisco.1849 was the year _ Americans came and also the time _ gold was discovered.The reason _ the men _made movies came to California was _ the weather here is fine.The sun allowed them to take pictures outdoors nearly every day in the year.Hollywood,_lies in the northwestern part of he city of Los Angeles the movie capital of the world.When oil was discovered.People came to work in the oil field World War I was the period _ many large airplane factories were built in California.whosethatwhenwhowhichwhenthatwhowhywhen
